@article {400,
	title = {Natural resource condition assessment: John Muir National Historical Site},
	number = {Natural Resource Report NPS/NRR-2014/897},
	year = {2014},
	month = {12/2014},
	institution = {National Park Service},
	url = {https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2218894},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Jantz, P. A.}
}
@article {660,
	title = {Natural resource condition assessment: Pinnacles National Monument},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	institution = {National Park Service},
	address = {Fort Collins, Colorado},
	isbn = {Natural Resource Report NPS/PINN/NRR-2013/709},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Jantz, P. A.}
}
@article {661,
	title = {Natural resource condition assessment: Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	institution = {National Park Service},
	address = {Fort Collins, Colorado},
	isbn = {Natural Resource Report NPS/SAMO/NRR-2013/715},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Jantz, P. A.}
}
@article {776,
	title = {Siting solar energy development to minimize biological impacts},
	journal = {Renewable Energy},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {289},
	abstract = {<p>After solar and other renewable energy developers select generally suitable sites for exploration, they frequently encounter conflict over biodiversity conservation values that were not factored into the initial suitability rating methods. This paper presents a spatial multicriteria analysis method for modeling risk of conflict with biological resources and applies the model in the California deserts where such conflicts are rapidly rising. The premise of the model is that the least conflict will occur on sites that are the most ecologically degraded with low conservation value and that would engender low offsite impacts when connecting to existing transmission infrastructure. Model results suggest sufficient compatible land exists in flat, non-urban areas to meet state solar energy targets of 18-26 GW of installed capacity in the California deserts for 2050. The model is a promising tool to fill the gap between site suitability analysis for renewable energy and regional biodiversity conservation planning to identify areas where rapid impact assessment and permitting will generate the least regrets.</p>
},
	keywords = {ecological condition, GIS, mitigation hierarchy, multicriteria analysis, siting criteria, utility-scale solar energy},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Dashiell, S. L. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {869,
	title = {Modeling plant species distributions under future climates: how fine scale do climate projections need to be?},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2012},
	month = {11/2012},
	pages = {10},
	type = {primary research article},
	chapter = {473},
	abstract = {<p>Recent studies suggest that species distribution models (SDMs) based on fine-scale climate data may provide markedly different estimates of climate-change impacts than coarse-scale models. However, these studies disagree in their conclusions of how scale influences projected species distributions. In rugged terrain, coarse-scale climate grids may not capture topographically controlled climate variation at the scale that constitutes microhabitat or refugia for some species. Although finer scale data are therefore considered to better reflect climatic conditions experienced by species, there have been few formal analyses of how modeled distributions differ with scale. We modeled distributions for 52 plant species endemic to the California Floristic Province of different life forms and range sizes under recent and future climate across a 2000-fold range of spatial scales (0.008\&ndash;16 km2). We produced unique current and future climate datasets by separately downscaling 4 km climate models to three finer resolutions based on 800, 270, and 90 m digital elevation models and deriving bioclimatic predictors from them. As climate-data resolution became coarser, SDMs predicted larger habitat area with diminishing spatial congruence between fine- and coarse-scale predictions. These trends were most pronounced at the coarsest resolutions and depended on climate scenario and species\&$\#$39; range size. On average, SDMs projected onto 4 km climate data predicted 42\% more stable habitat (the amount of spatial overlap between predicted current and future climatically suitable habitat) compared with 800 m data. We found only modest agreement between areas predicted to be stable by 90 m models generalized to 4 km grids compared with areas classified as stable based on 4 km models, suggesting that some climate refugia captured at finer scales may be missed using coarser scale data. These differences in projected locations of habitat change may have more serious implications than net habitat area when predictive maps form the basis of conservation decision making.</p>
},
	keywords = {biodiversity; California; climate change; downscaling; habitat; impacts; spatial resolution; terrain; topography},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12051},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12051/abstract},
	author = {Franklin, J. and Davis, F. W. and Ikegami, M. and Flint, L. E. and Flint, A. L. and Hannah, L.}
}
@booklet {533,
	title = {Mapping compatibility to minimize biodiversity impacts of solar energy development in the California Deserts},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Biogeography Lab, University of California Santa Barbara},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Dashiell, S. L. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {548,
	title = {The power of information for targeting cost-effective conservation investments in multifunctional farmlands},
	journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {8-17},
	abstract = {Decisions about which places to conserve are based upon the geographic heterogeneity of three types of information: public goods or benefits, their vulnerability to threats, and the costs to avert those threats. The choice of public goods depends on the mission of the conservation organization (e.g., biodiversity, open space, cultural values, or farmland). For spatial targeting of conservation at the regional scale, practitioners must estimate the values of these types of information. The quality of the estimations will vary by the primary data used, the assumptions made, and the practitioner{\textquoteright}s technical ability to analyze complex data. This paper contributes to the growing literature by presenting a systematic evaluation of effect of the quality of the estimation on the cost-effectiveness of the set of sites selected for conservation based upon those estimates. The specific case study targets farmland for preservation from urban development in California{\textquoteright}s Central Valley where a new land trust was recently established to purchase conservation easements. In one analysis, we compared the cost-effectiveness of farmland benefits using our most sophisticated estimation procedures to those that ignored costs and/or potential loss (i.e., assumed they were equal among sites). Excluding information about the potential loss of resources caused only a slight decrease in cost-effectiveness. On the other hand, ignoring cost information was extremely inefficient. The second analysis compared the performance of the sophisticated estimated to increasingly simpler estimates, such as those representative of the methods used by many American farmland preservation programs. The simplification of the estimates caused a 5- to 20-fold decline in the benefits that could be retained for a given budget. To make more cost-effective targeting strategies accessible to farmland preservation programs, we recommend that researchers develop new spatial targeting tools to overcome obstacles in data processing.},
	keywords = {spatial targeting farmland preservation marginal value benefits costs Great Central Valley California threats additionality ecosystem services urban growth management},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Kreitler, J. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {831,
	title = {Shifting Baselines in a California Oak Savanna: Nineteenth Century Data to Inform Restoration Scenarios},
	journal = {Restoration Ecology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {88-101},
	author = {Whipple, AA and Grossinger, RM and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {424,
	title = {Coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use: Part 1 Inventory modeling},
	journal = {International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
	volume = {15},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {454-467},
	abstract = {Purpose: Geospatial details about land use are necessary to assess its potential impacts on biodiversity. Geographic information systems (GIS) are adept at modeling land use in a spatially-explicit manner, while life cycle assessment (LCA) does not conventionally utilize geospatial information. This study presents a proof-of-concept approach for coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use and applies it to a case study of ethanol production from agricultural crops in California. Methods: GIS modeling was used to generate crop production scenarios for corn and sugar beets that met a range of ethanol production targets. The selected study area was a four county region in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, USA. The resulting land use maps were translated into maps of habitat types. From these maps, vectors were created that contained the total areas for each habitat type in the study region. These habitat composition vec-tors are treated as elementary input flows and used to calculate different biodiversity impact indicators in a second paper (Geyer et al. this volume). Results and discussion: Ten ethanol production scenarios were developed with GIS modeling. Current land use is added as baseline scenario. The parcels selected for corn and sugar beet production were generally in different loca-tions. Moreover, corn and sugar beets are classified as different habitat types. Consequently the scenarios differed in both the habitat types converted and in the habitat types expanded. Importantly, land use increased non-linearly with increasing ethanol production targets. The GIS modeling for this study used spatial data that are commonly available in most developed countries and only required functions that are provided in virtually any commercial or open-source GIS software package. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that GIS-based inventory modeling of land use allows important refine-ments in LCA theory and practice. Using GIS, land use can be modeled as a geospatial and non-linear function of output. For each spatially explicit process, land use can be expressed within the conventional structure of LCA methodology as a set of elementary input flows of habitat types.},
	keywords = {Biodiversity habitats land use geographic information systems GIS spatially-explicit inventory modeling bioethanol biofuel LCA life cycle assessment crop production model spatially-explicit LCI consequential LCA geographic variability},
	author = {Geyer, R. and Stoms, D. M. and Lindner, J. P. and Davis, F. W. and Wittstock, B.}
}
@article {421,
	title = {Coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use: Part 2 Impact assessment},
	journal = {International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
	volume = {15},
	number = {7},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {692-703},
	abstract = {Purpose: Geospatial details about land use are necessary to assess its potential impacts on biodiversity. Geographic information systems (GIS) are adept at modeling land use in a spatially-explicit manner, while life cycle assessment (LCA) does not conventionally utilize geospatial information. This study presents a proof-of-concept approach for coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use and applies it to a case study of ethanol production from agricultural crops in California. Methods: In Part 2 of this paper series, four biodiversity impact indicators are presented and discussed, which use the inventory data on habitat composition and sizes from the GIS-based inventory modeling in Part 1 (Geyer et al. this volume). The concepts used to develop characterization models are hemeroby, species richness, species abun-dance, and species evenness. The biodiversity assessments based on species richness, abundance, and evenness use a habitat-species suitability matrix, which relates 443 terrestrial vertebrate species native to California to the 29 habi-tat types that occur in the study area. Results and discussion: The structural similarities and differences of all four characterization models are discussed in some detail. Characterization factors and indicator results are calculated for each of the four characterization models and the 11 different land use scenarios from Part 1 of this paper series. For the sugar beet production scenar-ios, the indicator results are in fairly good agreement. For the corn production scenarios, however, they come to fun-damentally different results. The overall approach of using GIS-based inventory data on land use together with in-formation on habitat-species relationships is not only feasible, but also grounded in ecological science and well con-nected with existing LCIA efforts. Conclusions: Excluding biodiversity impacts from land use significantly limits the scope of LCA. Accounting for land use in inventory modeling is dramatically enhanced if LCA is coupled with GIS. The resulting inventory data is a sound basis for biodiversity impact assessments, in particular if coupled with information on habitat-species rela-tionships. However, much more case studies and structural analysis of indicators is required, together with an evaluation framework that enables comparisons and ranking of indicators.},
	keywords = {GIS-based inventory modeling land use habitats hemeroby species richness abundance evenness biodiversity impacts bioethanol Biodiversity geographic variability life cycle impact assessment bioethanol biofuel LCA},
	author = {Geyer, R. and Lindner, J. P. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Wittstock, B.}
}
@article {542,
	title = {Implementation of State Wildlife Action Plans: Conservation impacts, challenges and enabling mechanisms},
	journal = {Gap Analysis Bulletin},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {30-32},
	keywords = {SWAP state wildlife action plans distributed graduate seminar gap analysis GAP},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Scott, J. M.}
}
@article {547,
	title = {Strategic targeting of agricultural conservation easements as a growth management tool},
	journal = {Land Use Policy},
	volume = {26},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	note = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.02.004},
	pages = {1149-1161},
	abstract = {Public and private programs have preserved an estimated 730,000 ha of agricultural land in the United States, by acquiring agricultural conservation easements (ACEs) that retire a property{\textquoteright}s development rights. ACEs could be a potent tool for smart growth if strategically targeted. This paper attempts to quantify measures of strategic farmland preservation as guidance for planners. Evaluating the placement of 318 ACEs in the San Francisco Bay of California produced mixed results. Preservation and development of agricultural land were both in conformance with general plans. In contrast, we found little evidence of ACEs being used on a regional scale to reinforce urban growth boundaries. Recently ACEs have begun to coalesce into larger blocks of preserved agricultural land, but not near the rural-urban fringe. We encourage planners to consider farmland preservation as a politically-acceptable tool to complement traditional planning tools to minimize low-density sprawl.},
	keywords = {strategic conservation planning spatial targeting GIS smart growth farmland preservation urban growth boundaries},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Jantz, P. A. and Davis, F. W. and DeAngelo, G.}
}
@article {336,
	title = {Carnivore use of an avocado orchard in southern California},
	journal = {California Fish and Game Journal},
	volume = {94},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {61-74},
	abstract = {In southern California avocados are an important commercial fruit that often are planted near or immediately adjacent to wildlands. Among cultivated fruits, avocados are unusually high in both lipids and proteins. Fruits remain green on the tree and ripen only after they fall to the ground or are harvested. As a result, they offer a relatively constant, year-round food source in the form of unharvested, fallen fruit. In 2005 for 5.5 months, we camera-trapped medium and large mammals in 13.5 ha of a 55.5 ha commercial avocado orchard in southern California. We also monitored fruit fall and subsequent removal to quantify the amount of energy available to mammals and estimated how much of the ground fruit they consumed. Cameras captured 7 carnivores: black bear, Ursus americanus, domestic dog, coyote, Canis latrans, bobcat, Lynx rufus, gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, raccoon, Procyon lotor, and striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis; non-carnivores included western gray squirrel, Sciurus griseus and Virginia opossum, Didelphia virginiana. All but bobcats were photographed eating avocados. Black bears, gray foxes and striped skunks frequented the part of the orchard least affected by human activities. In contrast, coyotes and raccoons were more common where humans and domestic dogs were present. Mammals consumed all or nearly all marked avocados on the ground, usually within 50 days. We estimated that they consumed only a small portion (<2\%) of the total fruit crop. Avocado orchards offer super-rich food patches that are readily accessible to an array of medium and large mammals.},
	author = {Borchert, M. and Davis, F. W. and Kreitler, J.}
}
@article {Blackwell Publishing,
	title = {Conserving the evolutionary potential of California valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee): a multivariate genetic approach to conservation planning},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {139-156},
	abstract = {California valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) is a seriously threatened endemic oak species in California and a keystone species for foothill oak ecosystems. Urban and agricultural development affects a significant fraction of the species{\textquoteright} range and predicted climate change is likely to dislocate many current populations. Here, we explore spatial patterns of multivariate genotypes and genetic diversity throughout the range of valley oak to determine whether ongoing and future patterns of habitat loss could threaten the evolutionary potential of the species by eradicating populations of distinctive genetic composition. This manuscript will address three specific questions: (i) What is the spatial genetic structure of the chloroplast and nuclear genetic markers? (ii) What are the geographical trends in the distribution of chloroplast and nuclear genotypes? (iii) Is there any part of the species{\textquoteright} range where allelic diversity in either the chloroplast or nuclear genomes is particularly high? We analysed six chloroplast and seven nuclear microsatellite genetic markers of individuals widespread across the valley oak range. We then used a multivariate approach correlating genetic markers and geographical variables through a canonical trend surface analysis, followed by GIS mapping of the significant axes. We visualized population allelic richness spatially with GIS tools to identify regions of high diversity. Our findings, based on the distribution of multivariate genotypes and allelic richness, identify areas with distinctive histories and genetic composition that should be given priority in reserve network design, especially because these areas also overlap with landscape change and little degree of protection. Thus, without a careful preservation plan, valuable evolutionary information will be lost for valley oak.},
	keywords = {allelic richness canonical trend surface analysis colonization gene flow geographic information system comparative phylogeography spatial autocorrelation geographical structure plant-populations climate-change patterns diversity pollen multilocus petraea},
	author = {Grivet, D. and Sork, V. L. and Westfall, R. D. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {455,
	title = {Chaparral},
	booktitle = {Terrestrial Vegetation of California},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {339-366},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	edition = {Third},
	address = {Berkeley},
	author = {Keeley, J. E. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Barbour, M. G. and Keeler-Wolf, T. and Schoenherr, A. A.}
}
@inbook {709,
	title = {Chaparral},
	booktitle = {Terrestrial Vegetation of California},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {339-366},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley},
	author = {Keeley, J. E. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Barbour, M. G. and Keeler-Wolf, T. and Schoenherr, A. A.}
}
@article {328,
	title = {Estimating anisotropic pollen dispersal: A case study in Quercus lobata},
	journal = {Heredity},
	volume = {99},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {193-204},
	abstract = {The pollen dispersal distribution is an important element of the neighbourhood size of plant populations. Most methods aimed at estimating the dispersal curve assume that pollen dispersal is isotropic, but evidence indicates that this assumption does not hold for many plant species, particularly wind-pollinated species subject to prevailing winds during the pollination season. We propose here a method of detecting anisotropy of pollen dispersal and of gauging its intensity, based on the estimation of the differentiation of maternal pollen clouds (TWOGENER extraction), assuming that pollen dispersal is bivariate and normally distributed. We applied the new method to a case study in Quercus lobata, detecting only a modest level of anisotropy in pollen dispersal in a direction roughly similar to the prevailing wind direction. Finally, we conducted a simulation to explore the conditions under which anisotropy can be detected with this method, and we show that while anisotropy is detectable, in principle, it requires a large volume of data.},
	keywords = {Quercus lobata anisotropy gene flow neighbourhood genetic structure TwoGener},
	author = {Austerlitz, F. and Dutech, C. and Smouse, P. E. and Davis, F. W. and Sork, V. L.}
}
@article {Ecological Soc Amer,
	title = {Regional variation in home-range-scale habitat models for fisher (Martes pennanti) in California},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {17},
	number = {8},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {2195-2213},
	abstract = {We analyzed recent survey data and mapped environmental variables integrated over a home range scale of 10 km(2) to model the distribution of fisher ( Martes pennanti) habitat in California, USA. Our goal was to identify habitat factors associated with the current distribution of fishers in California, and to test whether those factors differ for widely disjunct northern and southern populations. Our analyses were designed to probe whether poor habitat quality can explain the current absence of fishers in the historically occupied central and northern Sierra Nevada region that separates these two populations. Fishers were detected at 64/433 (14.8\%) sample units, including 35/111 (32\%) of sample units in the Klamath/Shasta region and 28/88 (32\%) of sample units in the southern Sierra Nevada. Generalized additive models (GAM) that included mean annual precipitation, topographic relief, forest structure, and a spatial autocovariate term best predicted fisher detections over the species{\textquoteright} recent historical range in California. Models derived using forest structure data from ground plots were comparable to models derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. Models for the disjunct Klamath/Cascades and southern Sierra Nevada populations selected different environmental factors and showed low agreement in the spatial pattern of model predictions. Including a spatial autocovariate term significantly improved model fits for all models except the southern Sierra Nevada. We cannot rule out dispersal or habitat in explaining the absence of fishers in the northern and central Sierra Nevada, but mapped habitat quality is low over much of the region. Landscapes with good fisher habitat may exist in rugged forested canyons of the currently unoccupied northern Sierra Nevada, but these areas are fragmented and at least 60 km from the nearest recent fisher detections.},
	keywords = {california USA fisher forest carnivore generalized additive model (gam) gis habitat model martes pennanti receiver operating characteristic roc generalized additive-models species distributions mitochondrial-DNA ecology conservation prediction animals nic},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Seo, C. and Zielinski, W. J.}
}
@inbook {447,
	title = {Regulatory protection and conservation},
	booktitle = {California Grasslands: Ecology and Management},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {297-318},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley},
	keywords = {grassland managed areas HCP NCCP CRP conservation easement general plans Williamson Act zoning ecosystem services incentives},
	author = {Jantz, P. A. and Preusser, B. F. L. and Fujikawa, J. K. and Kuhn, J. A. and Bersbach, C. J. and Gelbard, J. L. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Stromberg, M. R. and Corbin, J. D. and D{\textquoteright}Antonio, C. M.}
}
@inbook {703,
	title = {Regulatory protection and conservation},
	booktitle = {California Grasslands: Ecology and Management},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {297-318},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley},
	keywords = {conservation easement, CRP, ecosystem services, general plans, grassland, HCP, incentives, managed areas, NCCP, Williamson Act, zoning},
	author = {Jantz, P. A. and Preusser, B. F. L. and Fujikawa, J. K. and Kuhn, J. A. and Bersbach, C. J. and Gelbard, J. L. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Stromberg, M. R. and Corbin, J. D. and D{\textquoteright}Antonio, C. M.}
}
@inbook {339,
	title = {Agricultural and urban landscapes},
	booktitle = {The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ESA Conference at UCSB},
	pages = {256-274},
	publisher = {Island Press},
	organization = {Island Press},
	address = {Washington},
	keywords = {farmland working landscapes Wildlife habitat relationships CalFlora},
	author = {Brosi, B. J. and Daily, G. C. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, Frank W.}
}
@inbook {601,
	title = {Agricultural and urban landscapes},
	booktitle = {The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ESA Conference at UCSB},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {256-274},
	publisher = {Island Press},
	organization = {Island Press},
	address = {Washington},
	keywords = {CalFlora, farmland, Wildlife habitat relationships, working landscapes},
	author = {Brosi, B. J. and Daily, G. C. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, Frank W.}
}
@inbook {626,
	title = {Central Coast Bioregion},
	booktitle = {Fire in California{\textquoteright}s Ecosystems},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {321-349},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley},
	url = {http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10085.html},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Borchert, M.},
	editor = {Sugihara, Neil G. and van Wagtendonk, Jan W. and Shaffer, Kevin E. and Fites-Kaufman, JoAnn and Thode, Andrea E.}
}
@inbook {878,
	title = {Central Coast Bioregion},
	booktitle = {Fire in California{\textquoteright}s Ecosystems},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {321-349},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Borchert, M. I.},
	editor = {Sugihara, Neil G. and van Wagtendtonk, J. and Schaffer, K. E. and Fites-Kaufman, J. and Thode, A. E.}
}
@inbook {367,
	title = {Central Coast Bioregion},
	booktitle = {Fire in California{\textquoteright}s Ecosystems},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {321-349},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Borchert, M.},
	editor = {Sugihara, Neil G. and van Wagtendonk, Jan W. and Shaffer, Kevin E. and Fites-Kaufman, JoAnn and Thode, Andrea E.}
}
@inbook {425,
	title = {Conserving biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes},
	booktitle = {The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ESA Conference at UCSB},
	pages = {288-290},
	publisher = {Island Press},
	organization = {Island Press},
	address = {Washington},
	author = {Goble, Dale D. and Scott, J. Michael and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, Frank W.}
}
@inbook {683,
	title = {Conserving biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes},
	booktitle = {The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ESA Conference at UCSB},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {288-290},
	publisher = {Island Press},
	organization = {Island Press},
	address = {Washington},
	author = {Goble, Dale D. and Scott, J. Michael and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, Frank W.}
}
@article {812,
	title = {Demography and regeneration of oaks in the foothill woodlands of central California: a review of the scientific literature},
	journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {127-152},
	abstract = {We review published studies on the demography and recruitment of California oak trees and focus on the widespread dominant species of the foothill woodlands, Quercus douglasii, Q. lobata, and Q. agrifolia, to ascertain the nature and strength of evidence for a decline in populations of these species. The vast majority of studies have been of short duration (less than three years), focused on the acorn and seedling life stages, and conducted at few locations within each species{\textquoteright} geographic range. We summarize the extensive body of research that has been conducted on the biological and physical factors that limit natural seedling recruitment of oaks. The oak {\textquotedblleft}regeneration problem{\textquotedblright} has largely been inferred from current stand structure rather than by demographic analyses, which in part reflects the short-term nature of most oak research. When viewed over longer periods of time using field surveys or historical photos, the evidence for a regeneration problem in foothill oaks is mixed. Q. douglasii shows very limited seedling or sapling recruitment at present, but longer term studies do not suggest a decline in tree density, presumably because rare recruitment is sufficient to offset low rates of mortality of overstory individuals. Q. agrifolia appears to be stable or increasing in some areas, but decreasing in areas recently impacted by the disease Phytophthora ramorum. Evidence from the few available studies is more consistent in suggesting long-term declines in foothill populations of Q. lobata. Longterm monitoring, age structure analysis, and population models are needed to resolve the current uncertainty over the sustainability of oak woodlands in California.},
	keywords = {oak woodland, Quercus, seedling establishment},
	url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/QRB/journal/issues/v81n2/810202/810202.web.pdf},
	author = {Tyler, C. M. and Kuhn, W. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {373,
	title = {Efficient conservation in a utility-maximization framework},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {33. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art33/},
	abstract = {Systematic planning for biodiversity conservation is being conducted at scales ranging from global to national and regional. The prevailing planning paradigm is to identify the minimal land allocations needed to reach specified conservation targets or for maximizing the amount of conservation accomplished under an area or budget constraint. We propose a more general formulation for setting conservation priorities that involves goal setting, assessing the current conservation system, and estimating the contribution of a site to overall utility. Under this new formulation of the problem, the value of a site depends on resource quality, threats to resource quality, and costs. We allocate available conservation funds to sites to maximize the overall utility of the regional conservation system, expressed in terms of the biodiversity remaining at the end of the planning period. The planning approach is designed to support collaborative processes and negotiation among competing interest groups. We demonstrate these ideas with a case study of the Sierra Nevada Bioregion of California.},
	keywords = {Biodiversity conservation planning California cost-effectiveness scenario marginal conservation value retention},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Costello, C. J. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@inbook {804,
	title = {Endangered species time line},
	booktitle = {The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ESA Conference at UCSB},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {24-35},
	publisher = {Island Press},
	organization = {Island Press},
	address = {Washington},
	author = {Svancara, Leona K. and Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, F. W. and Brewer, Donna},
	editor = {Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, Frank W.}
}
@inbook {559,
	title = {Endangered species time line},
	booktitle = {The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Conserving Biodiversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {ESA Conference at UCSB},
	pages = {24-35},
	publisher = {Island Press},
	organization = {Island Press},
	address = {Washington},
	author = {Svancara, Leona K. and Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, F. W. and Brewer, Donna},
	editor = {Scott, J. Michael and Goble, Dale D. and Davis, Frank W.}
}
@article {716,
	title = {Prioritizing farmland preservation cost-effectively for multiple objectives},
	journal = {Journal of Soil and Water Conservation},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {250-258},
	abstract = {American society derives many benefits from farmland and is often willing to pay to preserve it from urbanization. We present an innovative framework to support farmland preservation programs in prioritizing conservation investments. The framework considers the full range of social benefits of farmland and improves the application of decision analysis methods to the process. Key factors for ranking farms are: 1) social objectives and priorities 2) how much farmland value is expected to be lost to development if not preserved, 3) how much farmland value is already secured in the agricultural region; and 4) how much it will cost to secure the farm{\textquoteright}s benefits. The framework can be applied strategically over an entire region or to rank a set of applications from landowners. We demonstrate our framework using three criteria in the Bay Area/Delta bioregion of California, USA.},
	keywords = {amenities, Bay Delta bioregion, California Legacy Project, conservation planning, cost-effectiveness, decision analysis, ecosystem services, farmland preservation, GIS, marginal value, public preferences, social welfare, urban growth boundary, urban growth management, utility},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000242001800007},
	author = {Machado, E. A. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Kreitler, J.}
}
@article {411,
	title = {Gene flow and fine-scale genetic structure in a wind-pollinated tree species, Quercus lobata (Fagaceaee)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {92},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {252-261},
	abstract = {California Valley oak (Quercus lobata), one of the state{\textquoteright}s most distinctive oak species, has experienced serious demographic attrition since the 19th century, due to human activities. Recent estimates of pollen dispersal suggest a small reproductive neighborhood. Whether small neighborhood size is a recent phenomenon, a consequence of reduced gene flow caused by demographic changes, or whether it has been historically restricted, remains unclear. To examine this question, we have characterized the spatial genetic structure of N = 191 Q. lobata individuals, spread over an area of 230 ha, using eight microsatellite loci. The observed autocorrelogram suggests an historical standard deviation of gene flow distance of about 350 m per generation, higher than contemporary pollen dispersal estimates. To determine whether our estimates were affected by strong prevailing winds from the west{\textendash}northwest, we developed and utilized a novel anisotropic autocorrelation analysis. We detected no more than a hint of anisotropy, and we concluded that adult spatial structure is indicative of strong historical signature of "isolation by distance." This historical estimate provides a useful reference value against which to gauge the future gene flow consequences of ongoing anthropogenic disturbance.},
	keywords = {bearing correlogram California oak genetic autocorrelation analysis microsatellite pollen and seed dispersal tree species wind direction valley oak Quercus lobata},
	author = {Dutech, C. and Sork, V. L. and Irwin, A. J. and Smouse, P. E. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {346,
	title = {Science priorities for reducing the threat of invasive species to sustainable forestry},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {55},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {335-348},
	abstract = {Invasive species pose a major, yet poorly addressed, threat to sustainable forestry. Here we set forth an interdisciplinary science strategy of research, development, and applications to reduce this threat. To spur action by public and private entities that too often are slow, reluctant, or unable to act, we recommend (a) better integrating invasive species into sustainable forestry frameworks such as the Montreal Process and forest certification programs; (b) developing improved cost estimates to inform choices about international trade and pest suppression efforts; and (c) building distributed information systems that deliver information on risks, identification, and response strategies. To enhance the success of prevention and management actions, we recommend (a) advancing technologies for molecular identification, expert systems, and remote sensing; (b) evolving approaches for ecosystem and landscape management; and (c) better anticipating interactions between species invasions and other global change processes.},
	keywords = {invasive species exotic species},
	author = {Chornesky, E. A. and Bartuska, A. M. and Aplet, G. H. and Britton, K. O. and Cummings-Carlson, J. and Davis, F. W. and Eskow, J. and Gordon, D. R. and Gottschalk, K. W. and Haack, R. A. and Hansen, A. J. and Mack, R. N. and Shannon, M. A. and Wainger, L. A. and Wigley, T. B.}
}
@inbook {633,
	title = {A framework for setting land conservation priorities in the Sierra Nevada},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sierra Nevada Science Symposium},
	volume = {General Technical Report PSW-GTR-193},
	year = {2004},
	note = {presented at Sierra Nevada Science Symposium 2002 October 7-10; Kings Beach, CA.},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {195-206},
	publisher = {Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture},
	organization = {Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture},
	address = {Albany, CA},
	abstract = {The California Legacy Project (CLP) mission is "to enable the State and its partners in conservation to develop and implement a strategic and inclusive approach to conserving and restoring California{\textquoteright}s lands and natural resources." Here we provide a brief overview of a framework that we developed to serve the dual purpose of helping decision makers to evaluate current opportunities (e.g., current proposal applications for State conservation funds) and to help planners develop longer term conservation strategies that highlight general areas, species and communities for more focused analysis and collaborative planning. Site prioritization depends on the resources the site contains, the threat to those resources, and the conservation cost of mitigating that threat. We illustrate our framework using relatively coarse, readily available data for the Sierra Nevada Bioregion. Preliminary results suggest that many of the private lands of the region contribute important conservation value for terrestrial biodiversity. However, inter-site disparities in degree of threat and in conservation costs make the conservation "bang for buck" especially high in a smaller number of sites.},
	keywords = {California Legacy Project, conservation planning, decision support system, GIS, marginal value, prioritization},
	url = {http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr193/psw_gtr193_5_4_Davis_and_others.pdf},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Costello, C. J. and Stoms, D. M. and Machado, E. A. and Metz, J.},
	editor = {Murphy, Dennis D. and Stine, Peter A.}
}
@inbook {374,
	title = {A framework for setting land conservation priorities in the Sierra Nevada},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sierra Nevada Science Symposium},
	volume = {General Technical Report PSW-GTR-193},
	year = {2004},
	note = {presented at Sierra Nevada Science Symposium 2002 October 7-10; Kings Beach, CA.},
	pages = {195-206},
	publisher = {Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture},
	organization = {Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture},
	address = {Albany, CA},
	abstract = {The California Legacy Project (CLP) mission is "to enable the State and its partners in conservation to develop and implement a strategic and inclusive approach to conserving and restoring California{\textquoteright}s lands and natural resources." Here we provide a brief overview of a framework that we developed to serve the dual purpose of helping decision makers to evaluate current opportunities (e.g., current proposal applications for State conservation funds) and to help planners develop longer term conservation strategies that highlight general areas, species and communities for more focused analysis and collaborative planning. Site prioritization depends on the resources the site contains, the threat to those resources, and the conservation cost of mitigating that threat. We illustrate our framework using relatively coarse, readily available data for the Sierra Nevada Bioregion. Preliminary results suggest that many of the private lands of the region contribute important conservation value for terrestrial biodiversity. However, inter-site disparities in degree of threat and in conservation costs make the conservation "bang for buck" especially high in a smaller number of sites.},
	keywords = {California Legacy Project marginal value conservation planning prioritization decision support system GIS},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Costello, C. J. and Stoms, D. M. and Machado, E. A. and Metz, J.},
	editor = {Murphy, Dennis D. and Stine, Peter A.}
}
@article {783,
	title = {A framework to extend gap analysis to multi-objective conservation planning},
	journal = {Gap Analysis Program Annual Bulletin},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {42-44},
	url = {http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/Bulletins/12/A\%20Framework\%20to\%20Extend\%20Gap\%20Analysis.htm},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Costello, C. J. and Machado, E. A. and Metz, J.}
}
@article {327,
	title = {An introduction to biodiversity concepts for environmental economics},
	journal = {Resource and Energy Economics},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {115-136},
	abstract = {Biodiversity is a valuable, but poorly understood, natural resource, which is being lost at an accelerating rate as a result of human actions. We present a broad, introductory review of biodiversity concepts. Biodiversity is first defined at the species and community levels. Available methods and approaches for quantifying biodiversity are discussed with specific reference to the spatial scales over which these measures can be applied. Dominant threats to biodiversity are reviewed. Fundamental patterns and processes that underlie ecological production functions are outlined. Differing rationales for biodiversity conservation are given and compared. Finally, the current suite of approaches employed in biodiversity conservation is discussed. Our aim in writing this review is to encourage further, much needed, inter-disciplinary collaboration among economists and ecologists on biodiversity questions.},
	keywords = {reserve networks efficient conservation biological diversity ecosystem function extinction hotspots Biodiversity Conservation Ecosystems Endangered species Land-use change},
	author = {Armsworth, P. and Kendall, B. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {472,
	title = {Santa Barbara County Oak Restoration Program. Yearly Progress Report for the Period July 2003 - June 2004},
	year = {2004},
	note = {submitted to the County of Santa Barbara Resource Management Department},
	month = {July 14, 2004},
	publisher = {University of California Santa Barbara},
	author = {Mahall, B. E. and Davis, F. W. and Tyler, C. M.}
}
@booklet {396,
	title = {A framework for setting land conservation priorities using multi-criteria scoring and an optimal fund allocation strategy},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis},
	type = {Report to the Resources Agency of California},
	abstract = {The California Legacy Project (CLP) mission is "to enable the State and its partners in conservation to develop and implement a strategic and inclusive approach to conserving and restoring California{\textquoteright}s lands and natural resources." In Spring 2001 The Resources Agency of California contracted with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at UC Santa Barbara to convene a working group to help bring systematic conservation planning theory and methods to bear on the design and implementation of CLP. The framework described in this report is one of the products from that working group. The framework is intended to serve the dual purpose of helping decision makers to evaluate current opportunities (e.g., current proposal applications for State conservation funds) and to help planners develop longer term conservation strategies that highlight general areas, species and communities for more focused analysis and collaborative planning. We do not present a plan or "blueprint" for future conservation activities. Instead, we offer an analytical, data-driven planning process that could be applied to ongoing conservation assessments and evaluations by State conservation planning staff and collaborating organizations over the State or regions of the State. We organize the planning framework based on a hierarchy of conservation goals and objectives, each of which is further elaborated in terms of specific objectives, criteria, and sources of evidence. At the highest level we distinguish three categories of conservation goals: Resource Production Capacity, Natural Capital, and Public Open Space. Under Natural Capital we distinguish terrestrial biodiversity from wetland and aquatic biodiversity. This report focuses on terrestrial biodiversity. The framework applies GIS technology to map conservation value and investment priorities based on available spatial data, derived indices and simple algebraic functions. A planning region is divided into sites and each site is scored in terms of its marginal conservation value, that is, the incremental value added to the current system of conservation lands by making the next conservation investment in that site. Site prioritization depends on the resources the site contains, the threat to those resources, and the conservation cost of mitigating that threat. The strategic objective is to allocate conservation funds among a set of candidate sites such that there is the greatest possible resource value remaining at the end of the planning period. We present a measure of ecological condition based on land use, land cover, roads, housing density and forest structure. The condition index is mapped for 2000 A.D. and 2040 A.D. (based on projected patterns of housing development) and the difference between the two is applied as a measure of threat to biodiversity. We then present formal measures for five different values that places can have for conserving terrestrial biodiversity: 1) hotspots of rare threatened and endangered species, 2) areas supporting vulnerable habitat types, 3) unique landscapes, 4) wildlands for area dependent species, and 5) areas to expand the size of existing reserves. We apply the framework to prioritize new conservation investments on private lands in the Sierra Bioregion. Our purpose is to demonstrate the end-to-end use of the framework and attention should be focused on the process, not the actual products. We first use existing, readily available data to map resource values and threats to produce maps of marginal conservation value without consideration of site cost. Spatial patterns in site value differ considerably among the five conservation criteria. We then use a crude estimate of land prices and allocate a hypothetical budget of $44 million to 50 sites scattered across the region. The framework can also be applied to other conservation concerns such as aquatic biodiversity, production lands, public open space, cultural resources and recreational opportunities. In a separate report we demonstrate its application for cropland conservation in the Bay Delta Bioregion. Our initial experiences in applying the framework to terrestrial biodiversity and cropland are very encouraging, but testing and refinement of the indices and value functions models are still needed and are currently underway.},
	keywords = {marginal value conservation planning cost-effectiveness GIS Sierra Nevada California Legacy Project},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Costello, C. J. and Machado, E. A. and Metz, J. and Gerrard, R. and Andelman, S. and Regan, H. and Church, R.}
}
@article {366,
	title = {GIS and remote sensing applications in biogeography and ecology. Millington, AC. Walsh, SJ. Osborne, PE 2001},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	volume = {17},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {293-294},
	keywords = {.},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {471,
	title = {Santa Barbara County Oak Restoration Program. Yearly Progress Report for the Period July 2002 - June 2003},
	year = {2003},
	note = {submitted to the County of Santa Barbara Resource Management Department},
	month = {June 30, 2003},
	publisher = {University of California Santa Barbara},
	author = {Mahall, B. E. and Davis, F. W. and Tyler, C. M.}
}
@booklet {467,
	title = {A systematic framework for prioritizing farmland preservation},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis},
	type = {Report to the Resources Agency of California},
	abstract = {The California Legacy Project (CLP) mission is "to enable the state and its partners in conservation to develop and implement a strategic and inclusive approach to conserving and restoring California{\textquoteright}s lands and natural resources." In 2001 The Resources Agency of California contracted with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at UC Santa Barbara to convene a working group to help bring systematic conservation planning theory and methods to bear on the design and implementation of CLP. The conservation planning framework for farmland described in this report for is one of the products from that working group. The framework is intended to serve the dual purpose of helping decision makers to evaluate current opportunities (e.g., current proposal applications for State conservation funds) and to help planners develop longer term conservation strategies that highlight areas for more focused analysis and collaborative planning. We do not present a plan or "blueprint" for future conservation activities. Instead, we offer an analytical, data-driven planning process that could be applied to ongoing conservation assessments and evaluations by State conservation planning staff and collaborating organizations over the State or regions of the State. We organize the planning framework based on a hierarchy of conservation goals and objectives, each of which is further elaborated in terms of specific objectives, criteria, and sources of evidence. For farmland preservation, we summarize these goals as retaining farmlands: 1) with the greatest sustained production capacity, 2) that provide high amenity values (e.g., habitat, open space, floodplain management, and scenic values), and 3) whose location reduces the risk of urban sprawl. The framework applies GIS technology to map farmland conservation value and investment priorities based on available spatial data, derived indices and simple algebraic functions. A planning region is divided into sites, and each site is scored in terms of its marginal conservation value, that is, the incremental value added to the current system of conservation lands by making the next conservation investment in that site. Site prioritization depends on the farmland resources the site contains, the threat to those resources, and the conservation cost of mitigating that threat. The strategic objective is to allocate conservation funds among a set of candidate sites such that there is the greatest possible farmland value remaining at the end of the planning period. We demonstrate the framework for preservation of farmlands in the Bay Area/Delta Bioregion. Because the criteria for measuring objectives 2 and 3 require spatial and nonspatial data that are not readily available statewide or even for a bioregion, we only develop and demonstrate the framework for objective 1. Existing data are used to map resource values and threats to arrive at maps of marginal conservation value without consideration of site cost. We use a crude estimate of the cost of conservation easements to demonstrate how the framework could then be used to prioritize conservation investments subject to a fixed budget.},
	keywords = {marginal value conservation planning cost-effectiveness GIS Bay Delta bioregion farmland preservation California Legacy Project},
	author = {Machado, E. A. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {715,
	title = {A systematic framework for prioritizing farmland preservation},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {52},
	institution = {National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis},
	address = {Santa Barbara},
	abstract = {The California Legacy Project (CLP) mission is "to enable the state and its partners in conservation to develop and implement a strategic and inclusive approach to conserving and restoring California{\textquoteright}s lands and natural resources." In 2001 The Resources Agency of California contracted with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at UC Santa Barbara to convene a working group to help bring systematic conservation planning theory and methods to bear on the design and implementation of CLP. The conservation planning framework for farmland described in this report for is one of the products from that working group. The framework is intended to serve the dual purpose of helping decision makers to evaluate current opportunities (e.g., current proposal applications for State conservation funds) and to help planners develop longer term conservation strategies that highlight areas for more focused analysis and collaborative planning. We do not present a plan or "blueprint" for future conservation activities. Instead, we offer an analytical, data-driven planning process that could be applied to ongoing conservation assessments and evaluations by State conservation planning staff and collaborating organizations over the State or regions of the State. We organize the planning framework based on a hierarchy of conservation goals and objectives, each of which is further elaborated in terms of specific objectives, criteria, and sources of evidence. For farmland preservation, we summarize these goals as retaining farmlands: 1) with the greatest sustained production capacity, 2) that provide high amenity values (e.g., habitat, open space, floodplain management, and scenic values), and 3) whose location reduces the risk of urban sprawl. The framework applies GIS technology to map farmland conservation value and investment priorities based on available spatial data, derived indices and simple algebraic functions. A planning region is divided into sites, and each site is scored in terms of its marginal conservation value, that is, the incremental value added to the current system of conservation lands by making the next conservation investment in that site. Site prioritization depends on the farmland resources the site contains, the threat to those resources, and the conservation cost of mitigating that threat. The strategic objective is to allocate conservation funds among a set of candidate sites such that there is the greatest possible farmland value remaining at the end of the planning period. We demonstrate the framework for preservation of farmlands in the Bay Area/Delta Bioregion. Because the criteria for measuring objectives 2 and 3 require spatial and nonspatial data that are not readily available statewide or even for a bioregion, we only develop and demonstrate the framework for objective 1. Existing data are used to map resource values and threats to arrive at maps of marginal conservation value without consideration of site cost. We use a crude estimate of the cost of conservation easements to demonstrate how the framework could then be used to prioritize conservation investments subject to a fixed budget.},
	keywords = {Bay Delta bioregion, California Legacy Project, conservation planning, cost-effectiveness, farmland preservation, GIS, marginal value},
	url = {http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/nceas-web/projects/4040/Farmland_framework_report.pdf},
	author = {Machado, E. A. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {780,
	title = {Economic Instruments for Habitat Conservation},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	address = {Santa Barbara},
	url = {http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/projects/wb/wbrpt2002.pdf},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Church, R. L. and Gerrard, R. A.}
}
@booklet {536,
	title = {Economic Instruments for Habitat Conservation},
	year = {2002},
	month = {June 14, 2002},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final Report to the World Bank},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Church, R. L. and Gerrard, R. A.}
}
@conference {813,
	title = {Factors limiting recruitment in valley and coast live oak},
	booktitle = {Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands},
	volume = {General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {565-572},
	publisher = {USDA Forest Service},
	organization = {USDA Forest Service},
	abstract = {The Santa Barbara County Oak Restoration Program was initiated in 1994 to determine the major factors limiting recruitment of valley oak (Quercus lobata) and coast live oak (Q. agrifolia). At Sedgwick Reserve in Santa Barbara County, California, we have replicated large-scale planting experiments in four different years to determine the effects of cattle and other ecological factors on oak seedling establishment in oak savannas and woodlands. In 33 large experimental plots (50 x 50 m) we planted acorns collected from Q. lobata and Q. agrifolia on the site. Fifteen of these large plots are controls, open to grazing, fifteen exclude cattle with the use of electric fence, and three are ungrazed in large ungrazed pastures. Within the plots, experimental treatments included: 1) protection from small mammals such as gophers and ground squirrels, 2) protection from large animals such as cattle, deer, and pigs, and 3) no protection from mammalian grazers. In winters 1997, 1998, 2000, and 2001, we planted approximately 1,000 acorns of each species. Results confirm that seed predation and herbivory by small mammals are a significant "bottleneck" to oak seedling recruitment on the landscape scale. Comparing results among years indicates that lack of late winter rainfall can significantly reduce oak emergence and establishment. Survivorship of protected acorns and seedlings is comparable in grazed and ungrazed areas.},
	url = {http://danr.ucop.edu/ihrmp/proceed/symproc50.html},
	author = {Tyler, C. M. and Mahall, B. E. and Davis, F. W. and Hall, M.}
}
@conference {755,
	title = {Mating patterns in a savanna population of valley oak, Quercus lobata Ne{\'e}},
	booktitle = {Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands},
	volume = {General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {427-439},
	publisher = {USDA Forest Service},
	organization = {USDA Forest Service},
	abstract = {California Valley oak is threatened by landscape alteration and failing recruitment in remnant stands. Its reproductive ecology is a key element of the seedling recruitment process. We first examine the mating system, to determine the extent of inbreeding in a population at Sedgwick Reserve, in Santa Barbara County. We then quantify variation in germination success and acorn size, evaluating their spatial patterns across the site. We collected acorns from 21 mapped focal trees in fall 1999, measured their average seed weight and germination success, and identified their multilocus genotypes. Using a mixed mating model, we observed significant, but modest selfing (outcrossing rate: tm = 0.96) and no mating among relatives (tm {\textendash} ts) = 0.0. The effective pollen donor number was estimated to be between 5 and 7 individuals, depending on the inbreeding coefficient of the adults. These mating results indicate relatively little inbreeding but low numbers of pollen donors. Mothers differed significantly in seed weight (range: ~ 4 - 10 g) and germination percentage (range: 0 {\textendash} 90 percent), and a bivariate analysis showed a gradient across the study site. Such a pattern suggests that environment conditions influence acorn size and germination success. Future work will address whether isolated individuals are at risk of selfing, for the expression of inbreeding depression on seed traits, or a reduction in the effective pollen donor number.},
	url = {http://danr.ucop.edu/ihrmp/proceed/symproc40.html},
	author = {Sork, V. L. and Davis, F. W. and Dyer, R. J. and Smouse, P. E.}
}
@article {756,
	title = {Pollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: where have all the fathers gone?},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {1657-1668},
	abstract = {The fragmented populations and reduced population densities that result from human disturbance are issues of growing importance in evolutionary and conservation biology. A key issue is whether remnant individuals become reproductively isolated. California Valley oak (Quercus lobata ) is a widely distributed, endemic species in California, increasingly jeopardized by anthropogenic changes in biota and land use. We studied pollen movement in a savannah population of Valley oak at Sedgwick Reserve, Santa Barbara County, to estimate effective number of pollen donors (N (ep) ) and average distance of effective pollen movement (delta). Using twogener, our recently developed hybrid model of paternity and genetic structure treatments that analyses maternal and progeny multilocus genotypes, we found that current N (ep) = 3.68 individuals. Based on an average adult density of d = 1.19 stems/ha, we assumed a bivariate normal distribution to model current average pollen dispersal distance (delta) and estimated delta= 64.8 m. We then deployed our parameter estimates in spatially explicit models of the Sedgwick population to evaluate the extent to which N (ep) may have changed, as a consequence of progressive stand thinning between 1944 and 1999. Assuming that pollen dispersal distance has not changed, we estimate N (ep) was 4.57 individuals in 1944, when stand density was 1.48. Both estimates indicate fewer effective fathers than one might expect for wind-pollinated species and fewer than observed elsewhere. The results presented here provide a basis for further refinements on modelling pollen movement. If the trends continue, then ongoing demographic attrition could further reduce neighbourhood size in Valley oak resulting in increased risk of reproductive failure and genetic isolation.},
	keywords = {Heterogeneity. Landscape. Dispersal. Paternity. Buffers. Flow., Starch-gel electrophoresis. 2-generation analysis. Conservation.},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=synergy\&synergyAction=showAbstract\&doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01574.x},
	author = {Sork, V. L. and Davis, F. W. and Smouse, P. E. and Apsit, V. J. and Dyer, R. J. and Fernandez, J. F. and Kuhn, B.}
}
@booklet {470,
	title = {Santa Barbara County Oak Restoration Program. Yearly Progress Report for the Period July 2001 - June 2002},
	year = {2002},
	note = {submitted to the County of Santa Barbara Resource Management Department},
	month = {June 30, 2002},
	publisher = {University of California Santa Barbara},
	author = {Mahall, B. E. and Davis, F. W. and Tyler, C. M.}
}
@booklet {353,
	title = {Applications of Urban Growth Models and Wildlife Habitat Models to Assess Biodiversity Losses},
	year = {2001},
	note = {in H:\Misc_Papers\Adobe\reports folder as pdf file (cogan-usgsrep-final_report.pdf},
	month = {October, 2001},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final report},
	abstract = {Habitat loss and subsequent fragmentation due to urban development is part of a larger suite of anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity, but it now ranks among the principle causes of species endangerment in the United States. Several types of urban growth simulation models have been developed which can supply useful information for biodiversity planning. In many cases however, the data required for biodiversity planning may not be compatible with the urban models, leading to analytical inaccuracies and misleading conclusions. Here, we examine several lines of logic likely to be employed in biodiversity assessment and show how assumptions built into the data influence model outcome.},
	author = {Cogan, C. B. and Davis, F. W. and Clarke, K. C.}
}
@booklet {383,
	title = {Choosing Assessment Units for State and Regional Conservation Planning},
	year = {2001},
	note = {A Report to the Resources Agency of California CCRISP Project.},
	month = {June 10, 2001.},
	publisher = {National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Regan, H. M. and Andelman, S. and Beyeler, M. and Dangermond, P. and Greenwood, G. and Hickson, D. and Hoshovsky, M.}
}
@inbook {640,
	title = {Disturbance, Mechanisms of},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Biodiversity},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {153-160},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	keywords = {disturbance regime, resilience, resistance},
	url = {http://www.apnet.com/refer/ecology/divopen.htm},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Moritz, M.},
	editor = {Levin, S. A.}
}
@inbook {381,
	title = {Disturbance, Mechanisms of},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Biodiversity},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {153-160},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	keywords = {disturbance regime resilience resistance},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Moritz, M.},
	editor = {Levin, S. A.}
}
@conference {652,
	title = {Spatial decision support systems for wildlife conservation planning},
	booktitle = {International Seminar on the Wildlife Habitat Suitability Mapping and Management},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {14-31},
	address = {Seoul, Korea},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@inbook {759,
	title = {Discovering life in America: Tools and techniques of biodiversity inventory},
	booktitle = {Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {19-53},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	url = {http://www.abi.org/pheritage-es.htm},
	author = {Stein, B. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Stein, B. A. and Kutner, L. S. and Adams, J. S.}
}
@inbook {514,
	title = {Discovering life in America: Tools and techniques of biodiversity inventory},
	booktitle = {Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {19-53},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Stein, B. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Stein, B. A. and Kutner, L. S. and Adams, J. S.}
}
@article {731,
	title = {Fire, soil heating, and the formation of vegetation patterns in chaparral},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {149-169},
	abstract = {We documented patterns of surface heating associated with chaparral fire to characterize fundamental scale variation in the intensity of this stand-replacing disturbance. To test how this variation may influence community structure, we studied its effect on the soil seed bank and the distribution of seedlings and resprouts that emerged after fire. To evaluate the long-term significance of initial patterns, we monitored vegetation development for 4{\textendash}5 yr, thereby encompassing the dynamic portion of the chaparral fire cycle. We studied two stands on level uniform terrain before, during, and after fall fires. Stands were dominated by chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), a postfire seeder/sprouter. Nonsprouting Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus spp. were also present. Preburn vegetation, seed populations, soil heating, and postburn plant growth were analyzed along transects of contiguous 1-m2 plots, so that we could block them together incrementally to identify scale dependence of patterns. In addition, we directly compared heating effects under the fuel array with those just outside by establishing plots in canopy gaps, under the adjacent canopy, and in gaps created and eliminated by reciprocally translocating fuel. Pre- and postburn seed populations were estimated in soil samples collected from all plots. The proportion of seed that survived above and below 2.5 cm in the soil was determined in a subset of plots. The amount and distribution of canopy fuel that collapsed during fire and smoldered on the ground caused pronounced spatial variation in total surface heating. The strength of relationships among patterns of soil heating, preburn canopy, surviving seeds, and seedlings and herbaceous resprouts was consistently most pronounced in blocks 3{\textendash}5 m long. At this scale, postburn patterns were strongly negatively associated with the amount of preburn canopy and the pattern of soil heating this fuel created. Seedlings or herbaceous resprouts of numerous species were abundant where soil heating was relatively low, most notably in natural and created canopy gaps. Conversely, areas where dense canopy occurred before fire, especially gaps displaced by fuel addition, were barren except for occasional Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus seedlings. These obligate postfire seeders, along with the subshrub Helianthemum scoparium, had more deeply buried seeds, and some of them were able to survive where soil heating was prolonged. However, Helianthemum did not emerge from depth. Seedlings of Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus nearest Adenostoma burls survived significantly better when Adenostoma failed to resprout. This was common in one burn where heating was relatively high and burl size was small. Seed mortality prevented Adenostoma seedling emergence from occurring where its seeds were most abundant prior to fire, which was in proximity to its burls. Adenostoma seedlings did emerge in areas of lower soil heating, but their survival was inversely related to the density of Helianthemum seedlings. No shrub seedlings emerged after the first year following fire because their seed banks were exhausted by fire-induced mortality and/or germination. After 4{\textendash}5 yr, few young Adenostoma remained. The combination of seedling and resprout regeneration allowed this shrub to maintain dominance, but to a lesser extent in the older stand. Our results support a vegetation pattern{\textendash}process model in which local species distributions after fire in Adenostoma chaparral are antecedently linked to the physical and chemical properties of the canopy. These control the nature of combustion, the soil heating that results, and the distribution of seeds and resprout tissues that survive. The vegetation develops entirely from these sources, so fire-induced patterns are manifest in the long-term structure of this vegetation.},
	keywords = {Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos, Ceanothus, Chaparral, fire disturbance intensity, Helianthemum scoparium, obligate seeder, seed germination, distribution, and mortality, seedbank, shrub canopy, soil heating, vegetation patterns},
	url = {http://www.esajournals.org/esaonline/?request=get-abstract\&issn=0012-9615\&amp},
	author = {Odion, D. C. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {384,
	title = {Stand structure in terrestrial ecosystems},
	booktitle = {Methods in Ecosystem Science},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {7-30},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This chapter provides a brief overview of instrumentation and methods for characterizing vegetation structure at the stand level, where a stand is defined as an area of relatively uniform physical environmental conditions, vegetation structure and plant community composition (Barbour et al. 1987). By vegetation structure we mean the 3-dimensional distribution of above-ground phytomass integrated over some period of time. We will not consider the temporal components of stand structure such as diurnal variation in leaf orientation or seasonal phenology, focusing instead on methods for estimating structural variables at a particular point in time.},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Roberts, D.},
	editor = {Sala, O. E. and Jackson, R. B. and Mooney, H. A. and Howarth, R. W.}
}
@inbook {643,
	title = {Stand structure in terrestrial ecosystems},
	booktitle = {Methods in Ecosystem Science},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {7-30},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This chapter provides a brief overview of instrumentation and methods for characterizing vegetation structure at the stand level, where a stand is defined as an area of relatively uniform physical environmental conditions, vegetation structure and plant community composition (Barbour et al. 1987). By vegetation structure we mean the 3-dimensional distribution of above-ground phytomass integrated over some period of time. We will not consider the temporal components of stand structure such as diurnal variation in leaf orientation or seasonal phenology, focusing instead on methods for estimating structural variables at a particular point in time.},
	url = {http://www.springer-ny.com/detail.tpl?cart=9821688766183086\&ISBN=0387987436},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Roberts, D.},
	editor = {Sala, O. E. and Jackson, R. B. and Mooney, H. A. and Howarth, R. W.}
}
@booklet {469,
	title = {Santa Barbara County Oak Restoration Program. Yearly Progress Report for the Period July 1998 - June 1999},
	year = {1999},
	note = {submitted to the County of Santa Barbara Resource Management Department},
	month = {September 15, 19},
	author = {Mahall, B. E. and Davis, F. W. and Tyler, C. M.}
}
@article {394,
	title = {Systematic reserve selection in the USA: An example from the Columbia Plateau ecoregion},
	journal = {Parks},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {31-41},
	abstract = {We describe a systematic conservation planning approach for identifying a set of areas that meet specified goals for biotic representation while balancing the dual objectives of efficiency (minimum area) and site suitability. The approach was applied by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) to a regional planning exercise in the Columbia Plateau ecoregion of the northwestern United States. The exercise required integrating data on species, plant communities, land ownership and other socioeconomic factors, and combined expert opinion with computer-aided site selection modeling. The set of selected areas satisfied TNC{\textquoteright}s requirements and now serves as a blueprint for ongoing conservation efforts in the region. Strengths of the approach include its explicitness, flexibility, and consideration of both biological goals and socioeconomic concerns. However, the current site selection model requires fairly sophisticated computing hardware and software, which limits its portability and use by non-specialists. We are currently working to improve model portability and to add new functionality for site prioritization and species viability.},
	keywords = {BMAS biodiversity management areas reserve selection The Nature Conservancy TNC Columbia Plateau Geography of Hope coarse-filter fine-filter expert opinion},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Andelman, S.}
}
@booklet {549,
	title = {Acquisition and Evaluation of Data Sets for Comparative Assessment of Risk to Biodiversity on a Continental Scale: Threats to Biodiversity},
	year = {1998},
	note = {[]},
	month = {September 30, 19},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	keywords = {anthropogenic effects, biodiversity, NDVI, potential NDVI, rare species, species richness, stressors, West Cosat Transect},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Kuhn, W. A. and Davis, F. W. and Final Report to the Environmental Protection Agency, C. A. pp}
}
@article {793,
	title = {Acquisition and Evaluation of Data Sets for Comparative Assessment of Risk to Biodiversity on a Continental Scale: Threats to Biodiversity},
	year = {1998},
	note = {[]},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {138},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	keywords = {stressors, anthropogenic effects, biodiversity, NDVI, potential NDVI, species richness, rare species, West Cosat Transect},
	url = {http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/projects/epa/epa_rpt.html},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Kuhn, W. A. and Davis, F. W. and Final Report to the Environmental Protection Agency, C. A. pp}
}
@booklet {399,
	title = {The California Gap Analysis Project-Final Report},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Hollander, A. D. and Thomas, K. A. and Stine, P. A. and Odion, D. and Borchert, M. I. and Thorne, J. H. and Gray, M. V. and Walker, R. E. and Warner, K. and Graae, J.}
}
@article {784,
	title = {Gap analysis of the vegetation of the Intermountain Semi-Desert Ecoregion},
	journal = {Great Basin Naturalist},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {199-216},
	abstract = {A conservation gap analysis was conducted for the Intermountain Semi-Desert ecoregion to assess the representation of land-cover types within areas managed primarily for biodiversity objectives. Mapped distributions of plant communities were summarized by land management status categories. The total amount of land permanently protected in the ecoregion is less than 4\% and most types that are characteristic of the region have less than 10\%. Of 48 land-cover types, 20 were found to be particularly vulnerable to potential loss or degradation, because of low level of representation in biodiversity management areas and the impact of expected land use activities. The gap analysis data and findings will be useful in providing a regional perspective in project impact assessment and future conservation planning within this ecoregion.},
	keywords = {actual vegetation, alliance, gap analysis, Intermountain Semi-Desert ecoregion, National Vegetation Classification Standards, NVCS},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000074765200001},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Driese, K. L. and Cassidy, K. M. and Murray, M. P.}
}
@article {829,
	title = {Inclusion of a simple multiple scattering model into a microwave canopy backscatter model},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1998},
	note = {JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH ARTICLE},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {101-111},
	abstract = {A simple multiple scattering model has been incorporated into a microwave canopy backscatter model for forest stands with continuous or discontinuous tree canopies. The multiple scattering model was empirically derived using available calculated multiple scattering values and Monte Carlo simulation. All orders of scattering within canopies beyond single scattering were assumed to be isotropic. Multiple scattering was divided evenly among HH, HV, VH, and VV polarizations. The corresponding single scattering term was polarization-sensitive. The effect of the multiple scattering term on modeled canopy backscatter was less at long wavelengths than at short wavelengths. At a given wavelength, the multiple scattering term affected copolarized scattering less than cross-polarized scattering. These predictions were consistent with calibrated SAR observations and with our understanding of microwave scattering in forested environment. Including multiple scattering effects improved the agreement between modeled and measured canopy backscatter particularly for cross-polarized backscatter at short wavelengths.},
	keywords = {(Aerospace and Underwater Biological Effects--General, (Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- )), (Ecology, (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods), (Radiation--Radiation and Isotope Techniques), Environmental Biology--Plant), Forest Stand, Methods), Microwave Canopy Backscatter Model, Models and Simulations, remote sensing, Research Article, Simple Multiple Scattering Model},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Paris, J. F. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {774,
	title = {Map-guided classification of regional land-cover with multi-temporal AVHRR data},
	journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {831-838},
	abstract = {Cartographers often need to use information in existing land-cover maps when compiling regional or global maps, but there are no standardized techniques for using such data effectively. An iterative, map-guided classification approach was developed to compile a spatially and thematically consistent, seamless land-cover map of the entire Intermountain Semi-Desert ecoregion from a set of semi-independent subregional maps derived by various methods. A multi-temporal dataset derived from AVHRR data was classified using the subregional maps as training data. The resulting regional map attempted to meet the guidelines of the proposed National Vegetation Classification Standards for classification at the alliance level. The approach generally improved the spatial properties of the regional mapping, while maintaining the thematic detail of the source maps. The methods described may be useful in many situations where mapped information exists but is incomplete, compiled by different methods, or is based on inconsistent classification systems.},
	keywords = {accuracy assessment, AVHRR, gap analysis, Intermountain Semidesert ecoregion, map-guided classification, National Vegetation Classification Standards, NVCS, remote sensing},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075109200012},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Bueno, M. J. and Davis, F. W. and Cassidy, K. M. and Driese, K. L. and Kagan, J. S.}
}
@article {343,
	title = {Recruitment of Quercus agrifolia in central California: the importance of shrub-dominated patches},
	journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {647-656},
	abstract = {Many perennial plants strongly enhance the survival of seedlings of other species. We studied patterns of long-term recruitment of Quercus agrifolia (Coastal live oak) associated with shrub-dominated communities by counting Q. agrifolia recruits on a time sequence of historical aerial photographs and comparing recruitment among mapped patches of coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and grassland in an 1120-ha landscape. Because we could not identify new recruits in existing woodlands with aerial photographs, we studied the recruitment of Q. agrifolia in this vegetation type indirectly by comparing population size structures and the spatial relationships between shrubs and recruits among woodlands that varied in understory community type. At the landscape scale, recruitment was higher in coastal sage scrub vegetation than predicted by the extent of its coverage, commensurate with the spatial coverage of chaparral, and very low in grassland. Recruitment within woodland communities also varied considerably. In woodland communities on sheltered, north-oriented topography with understories dominated by shrubs, there were large numbers of small Q. agrifolia, and recruits were not significantly spatially associated with shrubs within plots. In woodlands with herbaceous understories there were few individuals in the small size classes, and recruits were strongly spatially associated with shrubs within plots. Woodlands with shrub-dominated understories have population structures that appear to be stable, but woodlands with herbaceous understories exhibit size structures associated with declining populations. Quercus recruitment into shrub-dominated patches corresponds with previous documentation of facilitative relationships between shrubs and oak seedlings, and suggests the occurrence of an unusual form of patch dynamics in these landscapes.},
	keywords = {aerial photo interpretation, Angiospermae, Biochemistry and Biophysics{\textendash}Growth, Biochemistry and Biophysics{\textendash}Reproduction) Angiosperms Dicots Plants Spermatophytes Vascular Plants Patch Dynamics Shrub-Dominated Patches Vegetation Science California (USA, coast live oak, Differentiation) (Plant Physiology, Gaviota State Park Fagaceae (Ecology Environmental Biology{\textendash}Plant) (Plant Physiology, Nearctic region) Quercus agrifolia [Coastal live oak] (Fagaceae): recruitment Fagaceae: Dicotyledones, North America, Plantae aerial photograph time sequence comparison: field method, Spermatophyta, time series},
	author = {Callaway, R. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {826,
	title = {Sensitivity of modeled C- and L-band radar backscatter to ground surface parameters in Loblolly pine forest},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {331-342},
	keywords = {Duke Forest},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Day, J. L. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {528,
	title = {A systematic process for selecting representative Research Natural Areas},
	journal = {Natural Areas Journal},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {338-349},
	abstract = {<p>Prioritizing sites as potential Research Natural Areas to represent a set of target vegetation types is a complex planning problem in which competing objectives must be satisfied simultaneously, including suitability and efficiency. We describe a general process for identifying and siting potential Research Natural Areas that is based on a systematic description of vegetation and environmental variation in the region, analysis of patterns of vegetation ownership and management, and optimal site selection based both on vegetational and environmental criteria. The approach is demonstrated with an application to siting Research Natural Areas to represent Mixed Evergreen Forest types on Los Padres National Forest in the central coast of California. We envision this process as a preliminary step that would precede more detailed ground survey and administrative review procedures as currently practiced. It could also be adapted to similar programs of regional conservation planning.</p>
},
	keywords = {reserve selection algorithm weighted-benefits maximal covering location problem Los Padres National Forest research natural areas},
	url = {http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~fd/Pubs/stoms_et_al_RNA98.pdf},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Borchert, M. I. and Moritz, M. A. and Davis, F. W. and Church, R. L.}
}
@article {578,
	title = {Decomposition of polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar backscatter from upland and flooded forests},
	journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	volume = {18},
	number = {6},
	year = {1997},
	note = {English Article Current Contents/Physical, Chemical \& Earth Sciences. Reprint available from: Wang Y E CAROLINA UNIV DEPT GEOG GREENVILLE, NC 27858 USA UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA INST COMPUTAT EARTH SYST SCI SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA 0010},
	pages = {1319-1332},
	abstract = {The goal of this research was to decompose polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery of upland and flooded forests into three backscatter types: single reflection, double reflection, and cross-polarized backscatter. We used a decomposition method that exploits the covariance matrix of backscatter terms. First we applied this method to SAR imagery of dihedral and trihedral corner reflectors positioned on a smooth, dry lake bed, and verified that it accurately isolated the different backscatter types. We then applied the method to decompose multi-frequency Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) airborne SAR (AIRSAR) backscatter from upland and flooded forests to explain scattering components in SAR imagery from forested surfaces. For upland ponderosa pine forest in California, as SAR wavelength increased from C-band to P-band, scattering with an odd number of reflections decreased and scattering with an even number of reflections increased. There was no obvious trend with wavelength for cross-polarized scattering. For a bald cypress-tupelo floodplain forest in Georgia, scattering with an odd number of reflections dominated at C-band. Scattering power with an even number of reflections from the hooded forest was strong at L-band and strongest at P-band. Cross-polarized scattering may not be a major component of total backscatter at all three wavelengths. Various forest structural classes and land cover types were readily distinguishable in the imagery derived by the decomposition method. More importantly, the decomposition method provided a means of unraveling complex interactions between radar signals and vegetated surfaces in terms of scattering mechanisms from targets. The decomposed scattering components were additions to the traditional HH and VV backscatter. One cautionary note: the method was not well suited to targets with low backscatter and a low signal-to-noise ratio. [References: 8] 8},
	keywords = {DEPT GEOG, Earth sciences. Reprint available from: Wang Y. E CAROLINA UNIV, GREENVILLE},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {370,
	title = {Imaging California: South Coast Pilot Study},
	year = {1997},
	month = {December 20, 199},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final Report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Bueno, M. J. and Stenback, J. M.}
}
@conference {726,
	title = {A method for examining patterns in mapped fire histories: identification of homogeneous fire landscapes},
	booktitle = {Fire in California Ecosystems: Integrating Ecology, Prevention, and Management},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	address = {San Diego},
	abstract = {In examining the mapped fire history of a large region, one may need to separate a study area into sub-regions that are homogeneous in terms of fire regime (i.e., to identify homogeneous "fire landscapes"). Because a fire regime is the result of complex interactions between fuel distributions, weather, and the cause and spatio-temporal patterns of ignitions, identification of fire landscapes may not be an easy task. Simplification of a fire regime (e.g., to fire frequency) or the use of surrogates (e.g., climatic regions or fuel maps) is often used, but this approach may ignore important aspects of how a fire regime manifests itself in a particular area. Inclusion of all available information, such as the fire size range, seasonality, and unusual intervals between fires, can provide a much better view of how fire landscapes differ from each other in significant ways. We propose an objective and repeatable method using variables generated from a mapped fire history, and we apply it to Los Padres National Forest in central coastal California. Fire variables were calculated on a regular grid spacing and incorporate the following: seasonality and cause of fire starts, number of times burned, longest and shortest interval between fires, and largest and smallest fires to pass over a site. Results indicate that this method captures the vast majority of variation in fire variables and their spatial pattern, providing mapped fire landscapes for use in fire planning or for further statistical analysis. Fire is the primary ecological disturbance structuring many of the world{\textquoteright}s terrestrial ecosystems, and spatio-temporal patterns of fires can provide insights into how these systems have developed and how we should manage them. In analyzing the fire history of a specific region, one is concerned that the fire regime be stationary (i.e., not containing mixed distributions) over space and time, but the scale and timing of dominant mechanisms are often poorly understood. Temporal shifts in fire regime can be caused by changes in climate or fire suppression, and different methods have been developed for dealing with mixed distributions over time (Clark 1989, Johnson and Gutsell 1994). Identification of areas that are spatially homogeneous in terms of fire history has received some attention, but many studies are performed using the spatial unit for which data were collected (e.g., at the scale of a specific county or forest). This scale may be appropriate, particularly if the goal is to characterize a process at a regional scale. Conversely, one may need to separate a study area into spatial units that are homogeneous in terms of fire history to examine the importance of local factors. A notable example of this is Baker (1989), in which homogeneous regions were sought by fitting fire-interval distributions to fire history data. Although characterization of fire frequency is a well established approach (Heinselman 1973, Johnson and Gutsell 1994, Johnson and Van Wagner 1985), the focus on fire intervals can omit important aspects of a fire regime that many mapped fire histories contain. Chou and others (1990) used a fire history to examine the distribution of fires and their spatial neighborhood effects, but the study area had been simplified to a binary variable (i.e., burned versus unburned). Inclusion of all available information, such as the fire size range, seasonality, and unusual intervals between fires, can provide a more complete view of how regions differ from each other in important ways. We propose here a methodology that is flexible, yet quantitative and repeatable, for identifying "fire landscapes" that are homogeneous in terms of several fire-related attributes. As a demonstration of its usefulness, we quantify and compare the vegetation composition of resulting fire landscapes on Los Padres National Forest (LPNF) in central coastal California to test whether analysis of fuel dependency at the scale of the entire study area is appropriate.},
	url = {http://www.ice.ucdavis.edu/cafe/agenda97/FireManagement/Modeling/4moritz.html},
	author = {Moritz, M. A. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {794,
	title = {Preserve Selection Modeling in the Columbia Plateau},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {57},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	address = {Santa Barbara},
	url = {http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/projects/tnc/tnc_report.html},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Okin, W. J. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {550,
	title = {Preserve Selection Modeling in the Columbia Plateau},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final Report to The Nature Conservancy of Washington},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Okin, W. J. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@conference {727,
	title = {A proposed protocol for identifying potential Research Natural Areas with Gap Analysis data},
	booktitle = {17th Annual ESRI User Conference},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	publisher = {ESRI},
	organization = {ESRI},
	address = {San Diego},
	abstract = {In this paper we propose a protocol for identifying and evaluating candidate sites for the U. S. National Forest{\textquoteright}s Research Natural Area (RNA) program. The approach is explicit and repeatable and consists of the five following steps: 1) Vegetation Target Type Identification, 2) Quantification of Environmental Variation, 3) Calculation of Site Suitability, 4) Site Selection, and 5) Ground Truth. We also describe a prototype case study using this approach for Mixed Evergreen Forest in Los Padres National Forest in central coastal California. This case study demonstrates the usefulness of Gap Analysis data and GIS-based procedures in conjunction with applications outside GIS, such as vegetation classification and optimization programs. Results indicate that there are often complex trade-offs between efficiency (i.e, covering the most types with the least sites) and suitability (i.e., choosing the most ecologically appropriate sites) of solutions, even in a simple case such as the one described here.},
	keywords = {research natural areas, reserve selection algorithm, Los Padres National Forest},
	url = {http://www.esri.com/base/common/userconf/proc97/PROC97/TO150/PAP145/P145.HTM},
	author = {Moritz, M. and Stoms, D. M. and Borchert, M. I. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {420,
	title = {Selecting conservation reserves using species covering models: Adapting the ARC/INFO GIS},
	journal = {Transactions in GIS},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {45-60},
	abstract = {Conflicts between human development of the landscape and conservation of biodiversity will continue to grow. Given this reality, there have been a number of attempts to model the optimal selection of conservation reserve sites such that maximum biodiversity protection can be attained within a limited budget for land acquisition. Here we adapt the Location-Allocation module of ARC/INFO to solve the problem of representing, or covering, as many species as possible in a fixed number of selected reserve sites. Resident ARC/INFO solution routines are applied to an innovative logical network that converts the problem of optimal reserve selection into a problem of optimal facility placement, which the Location-Allocation module can recognize and solve. Use of this unique logical network structure as input to ARC/INFO{\textquoteright}s internal solvers makes possible, compared to previous methods, a much tighter integration of spatial optimization tools with mapping and database tools, all of which are internal to the GIS and accessed via a menu-driven interface. The main advantage is that users of public domain data (such as the U.S. Gap Analysis data) can conduct their own explorations of possible reserve systems without having to acquire and master optimization packages and reformat model output data for GIS display and post-analysis of solutions. Our sample application uses species data from southwestern California. We also present a second major form of species covering model grounded in the same logical network. This enhanced model accommodates weighting of species by their conservation importance, thus allowing reserve systems to be designed around the portection of the most threatened or vulnerable biota.},
	author = {Gerrard, R. A. and Church, R. L. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {398,
	title = {A Spatial Modeling and Decision Support System for Conservation of Biological Diversity},
	year = {1997},
	month = {September 30, 19},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final Report to IBM Environmental Research Program},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Hollander, A. D. and Bueno, M. J. and Church, R. L. and Okin, W. J. and Gerrard, R. A.}
}
@article {773,
	title = {Viewing geometry of AVHRR image composites derived using multiple criteria},
	journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing},
	volume = {63},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {681-689},
	abstract = {The U. S. Geological Survey currently generates composites of AVHRR imagery based on a single objective--maximizing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index--as a means of reducing cloud contamination. Our research supports the findings of others that in some cases, NDVI is maximized at the expense of optimal viewing geometry; that is, satellite zenith angles are often further off-nadir than necessary to ensure cloud-free viewing. We explore various compositing methods by systematically varying weights on NDVI, satellite zenith angle, and maximum apparent temperature. A test composite of California from September 1990 appears to be superior to the maximum NDVI and maximum apparent temperature composites in several respects. First, the satellite zenith angle distribution is more closely clustered about nadir, which minimizes atmospheric path length, spatial distortion, and bidirectional reflectance effects. Second, neighboring pixels are more frequently selected with similar viewing geometry and atmospheric conditions.},
	keywords = {AVHRR, cloud removal, compositing, NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, satellite zenith angle},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1997XC40700004},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Bueno, M. J. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {565,
	title = {Applications of Gap Analysis data in the Mojave Desert of California},
	booktitle = {Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {209-219},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	author = {Thomas, K. A. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Scott, J. M. and Tear, T. H. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {809,
	title = {Applications of Gap Analysis data in the Mojave Desert of California},
	booktitle = {Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {209-219},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	author = {Thomas, K. A. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Scott, J. M. and Tear, T. H. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {516,
	title = {Comparative utility of vegetation maps of different resolutions for conservation planning},
	booktitle = {Biodiversity in Managed Landscapes: Theory and Practice},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {210-220},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Stine, P. A. and Davis, F. W. and Csuti, B. and Scott, J. M.},
	editor = {Szaro, R. C. and Johnston, D. W.}
}
@inbook {761,
	title = {Comparative utility of vegetation maps of different resolutions for conservation planning},
	booktitle = {Biodiversity in Managed Landscapes: Theory and Practice},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {210-220},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Stine, P. A. and Davis, F. W. and Csuti, B. and Scott, J. M.},
	editor = {Szaro, R. C. and Johnston, D. W.}
}
@article {623,
	title = {Comparison of Late Seral/Old Growth Maps from SNEP Versus the Sierra Biodiversity Institute},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {745-757},
	institution = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	address = {Davis, CA},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {365,
	title = {Comparison of Late Seral/Old Growth Maps from SNEP versus the Sierran Biodiversity Institute},
	booktitle = {Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments, commissioned reports, and background information},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {745-757},
	publisher = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	organization = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	address = {Davis, California},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {364,
	title = {Comparison of Late Seral/Old Growth Maps from SNEP Versus the Sierra Biodiversity Institute},
	year = {1996},
	publisher = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	type = {Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments, commissioned reports, and background informati},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {624,
	title = {Comparison of Late Seral/Old Growth Maps from SNEP versus the Sierran Biodiversity Institute},
	booktitle = {Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. III, Assessments, commissioned reports, and background information},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {745-757},
	publisher = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	organization = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	address = {Davis, California},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {404,
	title = {A Digital Soils Layer for the Los Padres National Forest},
	year = {1996},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final Report to the USDA Forest Service, Los Padres National Forest in fulfillment of Challenge Cost Share Agreement 94-001},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Walsh, J. and Moritz, M. and Stoms, D.}
}
@inbook {785,
	title = {Hierarchical representation of species distributions for biological survey and monitoring},
	booktitle = {GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {445-449},
	publisher = {GIS World Books},
	organization = {GIS World Books},
	address = {Fort Collins, Colorado},
	abstract = {Spatial and temporal axes of domain, grain, and sampling intensity can serve as a framework to discuss opportunities for integrating spatial biodiversity data into richer, more complex representations of species distributions. This conceptual framework also highlights many of the problems in integrating data of different spatial, temporal and thematic properties. A recent analysis of the distribution of the orange-throated whiptail lizard in southern California is reviewed as an example of integration of datasets. Comparison of representations resulting from different data sources makes biases evident, highlights areas of inadequate sampling, and can lead to new inferences about habitat relationships through convergence of evidence. Improvements in the technology needed to facilitate better integration of distribution models with GIS in the areas of data entry, linkages to tools outside traditional GIS functionality, and new GIS tools to integrate existing datasets are discussed.},
	keywords = {data hypercube, orange-throated whiptail, GIS modeling},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Hollander, A. D.},
	editor = {Goodchild, M. F. and Steyaert, L. T. and Parks, B. O.}
}
@inbook {541,
	title = {Hierarchical representation of species distributions for biological survey and monitoring},
	booktitle = {GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {445-449},
	publisher = {GIS World Books},
	organization = {GIS World Books},
	address = {Fort Collins, Colorado},
	abstract = {Spatial and temporal axes of domain, grain, and sampling intensity can serve as a framework to discuss opportunities for integrating spatial biodiversity data into richer, more complex representations of species distributions. This conceptual framework also highlights many of the problems in integrating data of different spatial, temporal and thematic properties. A recent analysis of the distribution of the orange-throated whiptail lizard in southern California is reviewed as an example of integration of datasets. Comparison of representations resulting from different data sources makes biases evident, highlights areas of inadequate sampling, and can lead to new inferences about habitat relationships through convergence of evidence. Improvements in the technology needed to facilitate better integration of distribution models with GIS in the areas of data entry, linkages to tools outside traditional GIS functionality, and new GIS tools to integrate existing datasets are discussed.},
	keywords = {data hypercube, GIS modeling, orange-throated whiptail},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Hollander, A. D.},
	editor = {Goodchild, M. F. and Steyaert, L. T. and Parks, B. O.}
}
@conference {609,
	title = {Planning management activities to protect biodiversity with GIS and an integrated optimization model},
	booktitle = {Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	publisher = {National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis},
	organization = {National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis},
	address = {Santa Fe, New Mexico},
	abstract = {We present the details of a general spatial model that was developed for the selection of biodiversity management areas in the Sierra Nevada Region. This model is loosely integrated with a GIS system. The basic modeling approach begins by first identifying those plant communities that are vulnerable due to land use activities in current management plans. The level of vulnerability is assessed for each element of interest on a spatial basis using ARC/INFO. The planning problem involves selecting an efficient set of watersheds for biodiversity management through specially developed heuristics and the Optimization Subroutine Library of IBM. Results of this approach are given for the northern region of the Sierra Nevada of California. The BMAS model represents a significant advance in GIS-based conservation planning, both in sophistication of the algorithms used and in the integration of cultural and land use data with biological data.},
	keywords = {BMAS model, Sierra Nevada, GIS model integration},
	url = {http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/church_richard/my_paper.html},
	author = {Church, R. L. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Okin, B. J.}
}
@article {348,
	title = {Reserve selection as a maximal covering location problem},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {105-112},
	abstract = {Many alternative approaches have been proposed for setting conservation priorities from a database of species (or communities) by site. We present a model based on the premise that reserve selection or site prioritization can be structured as a classic covering problem commonly used in many location problems. Specifically, we utilize a form of the maximal covering location model to identify sets of sites which represent the maximum possible representation of specific species. An example application is given for vertebrate data of Southwestern California, which is then compared to an iterative solution process used in previous studies. It is shown that the maximal covering model can quickly meet or exceed iterative models in terms of the coverage objective and automatically satisfies a complementarity objective. Refinements to the basic model are also proposed to address additional objectives such as irreplaceability and flexibility.},
	keywords = {reserve selection conservation planning optimization},
	author = {Church, R. L. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {654,
	title = {Selecting biodiversity management areas},
	booktitle = {Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {1503-1528},
	publisher = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	organization = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	address = {Davis, California},
	abstract = {Here we present and evaluate a conservation strategy whose objective is to represent all native plant communities in areas where the primary management goal is to sustain native biodiversity. We refer to these areas as Biodiversity Management Areas (BMAs), which we define as specially designated public or private lands with an active ecosystem management plan in operation whose purpose is to contribute to regional maintenance of native genetic, species and community levels of biodiversity, and the processes that maintain that biodiversity. Our purpose in this chapter is to explore opportunities for siting BMAs in the Sierra Nevada region. The strategic goal is to design a BMA system that represents all major Sierran plant community types, which we use as a coarse surrogate for ecosystems and their component species. We consider a community type to be represented if some pre-defined fraction of its mapped distribution occurs in one or more BMAs. We use a multi-objective computer model to allocate a minimum of new land to BMA status subject to the constraints that all community types must be represented, and that the new BMA areas should be located in areas of highest suitability for BMA status. Our purpose in this exercise is not to identify the optimal sites for a Sierran BMA system; instead it is to measure some of the likely dimensions of plausible, alternative BMA systems for the Sierra Nevada and to develop a rationale that would guide others in formulating such a system. Thus we examine a wide range of possible BMA systems based on different assumptions, constraints, target levels for representation, and priorities. If one ignores current land ownership and management designations and sets out to represent plant communities in a BMA system based on Calwater planning watersheds (which average roughly 10,000 acres in size), an efficient BMA system requires land in direct proportion to the target level, at least over the range of target levels examined in this study. In other words, it takes roughly 10\% of the region to meet a 10\% goal, and 25\% of the region to meet a 25\% goal. The pattern of selected watersheds is very different from the current distribution of parks and wilderness areas, which are concentrated at middle and high elevations in the central and southern portion of the range. Public lands alone are insufficient to create a BMA system that adequately represents all plant community types of the Sierra Nevada. Many of the foothill community types occur almost exclusively on private lands. Terrestrial vertebrates are reasonably well represented in a BMA system selected for plant communities. A BMA system selected for vertebrates alone, however, has little overlap with the one for plant communities. Areas selected by the BMAS model show only a modest amount of overlap with areas selected by other SNEP working groups as focal areas for conserving aquatic biodiversity or late successional/old growth forests. However, the BMAS model can be formulated to favor these areas with little loss of efficiency, especially in the northern Sierra.},
	keywords = {biodiversity management area, reserve selection, BMAS model, representation, Sierra Nevada, California},
	url = {http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/web/PDF/VII_C58.PDF},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Church, R. L. and Okin, W. J. and Johnson, K. N.}
}
@inbook {395,
	title = {Selecting biodiversity management areas},
	booktitle = {Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {1503-1528},
	publisher = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	organization = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	address = {Davis, California},
	abstract = {Here we present and evaluate a conservation strategy whose objective is to represent all native plant communities in areas where the primary management goal is to sustain native biodiversity. We refer to these areas as Biodiversity Management Areas (BMAs), which we define as specially designated public or private lands with an active ecosystem management plan in operation whose purpose is to contribute to regional maintenance of native genetic, species and community levels of biodiversity, and the processes that maintain that biodiversity. Our purpose in this chapter is to explore opportunities for siting BMAs in the Sierra Nevada region. The strategic goal is to design a BMA system that represents all major Sierran plant community types, which we use as a coarse surrogate for ecosystems and their component species. We consider a community type to be represented if some pre-defined fraction of its mapped distribution occurs in one or more BMAs. We use a multi-objective computer model to allocate a minimum of new land to BMA status subject to the constraints that all community types must be represented, and that the new BMA areas should be located in areas of highest suitability for BMA status. Our purpose in this exercise is not to identify the optimal sites for a Sierran BMA system; instead it is to measure some of the likely dimensions of plausible, alternative BMA systems for the Sierra Nevada and to develop a rationale that would guide others in formulating such a system. Thus we examine a wide range of possible BMA systems based on different assumptions, constraints, target levels for representation, and priorities. If one ignores current land ownership and management designations and sets out to represent plant communities in a BMA system based on Calwater planning watersheds (which average roughly 10,000 acres in size), an efficient BMA system requires land in direct proportion to the target level, at least over the range of target levels examined in this study. In other words, it takes roughly 10\% of the region to meet a 10\% goal, and 25\% of the region to meet a 25\% goal. The pattern of selected watersheds is very different from the current distribution of parks and wilderness areas, which are concentrated at middle and high elevations in the central and southern portion of the range. Public lands alone are insufficient to create a BMA system that adequately represents all plant community types of the Sierra Nevada. Many of the foothill community types occur almost exclusively on private lands. Terrestrial vertebrates are reasonably well represented in a BMA system selected for plant communities. A BMA system selected for vertebrates alone, however, has little overlap with the one for plant communities. Areas selected by the BMAS model show only a modest amount of overlap with areas selected by other SNEP working groups as focal areas for conserving aquatic biodiversity or late successional/old growth forests. However, the BMAS model can be formulated to favor these areas with little loss of efficiency, especially in the northern Sierra.},
	keywords = {biodiversity management area, BMAS model, California, representation, reserve selection, Sierra Nevada},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Church, R. L. and Okin, W. J. and Johnson, K. N.}
}
@inbook {651,
	title = {Sierran vegetation: A gap analysis},
	booktitle = {Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {671-689},
	publisher = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	organization = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	address = {Davis, California},
	abstract = {Gap analysis assesses the distribution of plant community types and vertebrate species distributions among land classes defined by ownership and levels of protection of biodiversity. Gap analysis helps to identify which plant communities and species might be especially vulnerable to different human activities that can lead to habitat conversion or degradation. This chapter presents a gap analysis of plant community types the Sierra Nevada region, an area of 63,111 km2 (24,368 mi2). Ownership of the region is 37\% private, 47\% national forests, 10\% national parks, 5\% Bureau of Land Management, and less than 2\% in other public lands. Land ownership and land management patterns contrast sharply between the northern Sierra Nevada versus the central and southern subregions. Parks and reserve lands contribute less than 2\% of the northern region versus 27\% of the central/southern. We mapped eighty-eight natural plant community types within the region. Sixty-seven types were mapped over areas greater than 25 km2 (9.65 mi2). The ownership profiles of Sierran plant communities systematically reflect the concentration of private lands at lower elevations and of national parks in the central and southern portion of the range. Less than 1\% of the foothill woodland zone of the Sierra Nevada is in designated reserves or other areas managed primarily for native biodiversity, and over 95\% of the distribution of most foothill community types is available for grazing. Low to middle elevation Sierran forests are not well represented in designated reserves, especially in the northern Sierra Nevada. However, large areas of most of these forest types on U.S. Forest Service lands have been administratively withdrawn from intensive timber management based on current forest plans. Many high-elevation forest and shrubland community types are well represented in parks and ungrazed wilderness areas. Our analysis identifies thirty-two widespread community types whose conservation status warrants concern and twelve types that appear well protected based on their present distributions.},
	keywords = {gap analysis, California, Sierra Nevada, land management, vegetation},
	url = {http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/web/PDF/VII_C23.PDF},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@inbook {392,
	title = {Sierran vegetation: A gap analysis},
	booktitle = {Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {671-689},
	publisher = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	organization = {University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlands Resources},
	address = {Davis, California},
	abstract = {Gap analysis assesses the distribution of plant community types and vertebrate species distributions among land classes defined by ownership and levels of protection of biodiversity. Gap analysis helps to identify which plant communities and species might be especially vulnerable to different human activities that can lead to habitat conversion or degradation. This chapter presents a gap analysis of plant community types the Sierra Nevada region, an area of 63,111 km2 (24,368 mi2). Ownership of the region is 37\% private, 47\% national forests, 10\% national parks, 5\% Bureau of Land Management, and less than 2\% in other public lands. Land ownership and land management patterns contrast sharply between the northern Sierra Nevada versus the central and southern subregions. Parks and reserve lands contribute less than 2\% of the northern region versus 27\% of the central/southern. We mapped eighty-eight natural plant community types within the region. Sixty-seven types were mapped over areas greater than 25 km2 (9.65 mi2). The ownership profiles of Sierran plant communities systematically reflect the concentration of private lands at lower elevations and of national parks in the central and southern portion of the range. Less than 1\% of the foothill woodland zone of the Sierra Nevada is in designated reserves or other areas managed primarily for native biodiversity, and over 95\% of the distribution of most foothill community types is available for grazing. Low to middle elevation Sierran forests are not well represented in designated reserves, especially in the northern Sierra Nevada. However, large areas of most of these forest types on U.S. Forest Service lands have been administratively withdrawn from intensive timber management based on current forest plans. Many high-elevation forest and shrubland community types are well represented in parks and ungrazed wilderness areas. Our analysis identifies thirty-two widespread community types whose conservation status warrants concern and twelve types that appear well protected based on their present distributions.},
	keywords = {California, gap analysis, land management, Sierra Nevada, vegetation},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@inbook {391,
	title = {A spatial analytical hierarchy for Gap Analysis},
	booktitle = {Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {15-24},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	abstract = {Representation in the nature reserve system is determined by comparing the distribution of vegetation and vertebrates with that of land ownership and management over a region of interest. Locating potential places to increase representation is typically done by a systematic selection algorithm over a set of spatial units larger than the landscape units of the vegetation map. The landscape is thus the basic spatial unit at which biodiversity data are compiled for Gap Analysis. However, it is only one of four levels of spatial entity that must be explicitly defined in order to complete a Gap Analysis. We refer to these entities as the planning region, the planning unit, the landscape, and the landscape feature. The objective of this paper is to describe a spatial analytical hierarchy for Gap Analysis based on these four entities. Within this broader theme we also present results of a more focused analysis on the effect of planning unit size on the selection of priority conservation areas in southwestern California.},
	keywords = {gap analysis, reserve selection, scale},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.},
	editor = {Scott, J. M. and Tear, T. H. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {650,
	title = {A spatial analytical hierarchy for Gap Analysis},
	booktitle = {Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {15-24},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	abstract = {Representation in the nature reserve system is determined by comparing the distribution of vegetation and vertebrates with that of land ownership and management over a region of interest. Locating potential places to increase representation is typically done by a systematic selection algorithm over a set of spatial units larger than the landscape units of the vegetation map. The landscape is thus the basic spatial unit at which biodiversity data are compiled for Gap Analysis. However, it is only one of four levels of spatial entity that must be explicitly defined in order to complete a Gap Analysis. We refer to these entities as the planning region, the planning unit, the landscape, and the landscape feature. The objective of this paper is to describe a spatial analytical hierarchy for Gap Analysis based on these four entities. Within this broader theme we also present results of a more focused analysis on the effect of planning unit size on the selection of priority conservation areas in southwestern California.},
	keywords = {gap analysis, scale, reserve selection},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.},
	editor = {Scott, J. M. and Tear, T. H. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {779,
	title = {Biodiversity in the Southwestern California Region},
	booktitle = {Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U. S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {465-466},
	publisher = {USDI, National Biological Service},
	organization = {USDI, National Biological Service},
	address = {Washington, D. C.},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {535,
	title = {Biodiversity in the Southwestern California Region},
	booktitle = {Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U. S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {465-466},
	publisher = {USDI, National Biological Service},
	organization = {USDI, National Biological Service},
	address = {Washington, D. C.},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {825,
	title = {The effects of changes in forest biomass on radar backscatter from tree canopies},
	journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1995},
	note = {JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH ARTICLE},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {503-513},
	keywords = {(Aerospace and Underwater Biological Effects--General, (Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- )), (Ecology, (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods), (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Growth, Differentiation), Coniferopsida, Environmental Biology--Plant), Gymnosperms, Mathematical Model, Methods), North Carolina, Pine, Plants, Research Article, Spermatophyta, Spermatophytes, Synthetic Aperture Radar, Usa, Vascular plants},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Davis, F. W. and Melack, J. M. and Kasischke, E. S. and Christensen, N. L., Jr.}
}
@article {389,
	title = {Gap analysis of the actual vegetation of California: 1. The Southwestern Region},
	journal = {Madrono},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {40-78},
	abstract = {Gap Analysis is a method of conservation risk assessment that evaluates the protection status of plant communities, animal species and vertebrate species richness by overlay of biological distribution data on a map of existing biological reserves. The National Biological Survey has undertaken a national Gap Analysis that is being conducted by individual states but that will eventually produce regional and national assessments. Given California{\textquoteright}s size and complexity, we are conducting separate Gap Analyses for each of the state{\textquoteright}s 10 ecological regions, as delineated in The Jepson Manual. Here we summarize our findings on the distribution of plant communities and dominant plant species in the Southwestern Region of California, exclusive of the Channel Islands. We tabulate and discuss regional distribution patterns, management status and patterns of land ownership for 76 dominant woody species and 62 natural communities. Nineteen of 62 mapped communities appear to be at risk, as determined by their poor representation in existing reserves, parks or wilderness areas. Communities restricted largely to the lower elevations, such as non-native grasslands and coastal sage scrub types, are clearly at considerable risk. A majority of the lands at these elevations have already been converted to agricultural or urban uses and most of the remaining lands are threatened with future urbanization. Areas that appear to be of highest priority for conservation action based on agreement between our analysis and a recent assessment by The Nature Conservancy include the Santa Margarita River, San Mateo Creek, Miramar Mesa, Santa Clara floodplain near Fillmore, Sespe and Piru Canyons, and Tejon Pass.},
	keywords = {California, gap analysis, vegetation},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stine, P. A. and Stoms, D. M. and Borchert, M. I. and Hollander, A. D.}
}
@article {362,
	title = {Information systems for conservation research, policy and planning},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {Supplement on Science and Biodiversity Policy},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {S36-S42},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {637,
	title = {An integrated geographic information system for modelling wildlife species distributions},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {30},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Hollander, A. D.}
}
@booklet {378,
	title = {An integrated geographic information system for modelling wildlife species distributions},
	year = {1995},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final report prepared for the California Dept. of Fish and Game},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Hollander, A. D.}
}
@article {622,
	title = {Position statement on GIS and global change (Research Initiative 15: Multiple roles for GIS in US Global Change Research)},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {51-52},
	isbn = {95-10},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {363,
	title = {Position statement on GIS and global change (Research Initiative 15: Multiple roles for GIS in US Global Change Research)},
	number = {95-10},
	year = {1995},
	type = {NCGIA Technical Report},
	author = {Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {418,
	title = {Scaling and uncertainty in the relationship between the NDVI and land surface biophysical variables: An analysis using a scene simulation model and data from FIFE},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	note = {JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH ARTICLE},
	pages = {233-246},
	abstract = {Biophysical inversion of remotely sensed data is constrained by the complexity of the remote sensing process. Variations in sensor response associated with solar and sensor geometries, surface directional reflectance, topography, atmospheric absorption and scattering, and sensor electrical-optical engineering interact in complex manners that are difficult to deconvolve and quantify in individual images or in time series of images. We have developed a model of the remote sensing process to allow systematic examination of these factors. The model is composed of three main components, including a ground scene model, an atmospheric model, and a sensor model, and may be used to simulate imagery produced by instruments such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Using this model, we examine the effect of subpixel variance in leaf area index (LAI) on relationships among LAI, the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). To do this, we use data from the first ISLSICP Field Experiment (FIFE) to parameterize ground scene properties within the model. Our results demonstrate interactions between sensor spatial resolution and spatial autocorrelation in ground scenes that produce a variety of effects in the relationship between both LAI and FPAR and NDVI. Specifically, sensor regularization, nonlinearity in the relationship between LAI and NDVI, and scaling the NDVI all influence the range, variance, and uncertainty associated with estimates of LAI and FPAR inverted from simulated NDVI data. These results have important implications for parameterization of land surface process models using biophysical variables such as LAI and FPAR estimated from remotely sensed data.},
	keywords = {Documentation, General{\textendash}Field Apparatus) (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods) (Ecology Environmental Biology{\textendash}Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology Environmental Biology{\textendash}Plant) (Biophysics{\textendash}Biocybernetics (1972- )) (Forestry and Forest Products) Pl, General{\textendash}Field Methods) (Methods, Materials and Apparatus, Nomenclature and Terminology) (General Biology{\textendash}Information, Plantae-Unspecified (General Biology{\textendash}Taxonomy, Retrieval and Computer Applications) (Methods},
	author = {Friedl, M. A. and Davis, F. W. and Michaelsen, J. and Moritz, M. A.}
}
@inbook {379,
	title = {Sensitivity of fire regime in chaparral ecosystems in climate change},
	booktitle = {Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 117. Global change and mediterranean-type ecosystems; International Symposium, Valencia, Spain, September 1992},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {435-456},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	address = {New York, New York, USA; Berlin, Germany},
	keywords = {Documentation, Plantae-Unspecified (General Biology{\textendash}Information, Retrieval and Computer Applications) (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods) (Ecology Environmental Biology{\textendash}Bioclimatology and Biometeorology) (Ecology Environmental Biology{\textendash}Plant) (Biophysics{\textendash}Biocybernetics (1972- )) Plants Book Chapter Mee},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Michaelsen, J.},
	editor = {Moreno, J. M. and Oechel, W. C.}
}
@inbook {638,
	title = {Sensitivity of fire regime in chaparral ecosystems in climate change},
	booktitle = {Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 117. Global change and mediterranean-type ecosystems; International Symposium, Valencia, Spain, September 1992},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {435-456},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	address = {New York, New York, USA; Berlin, Germany},
	keywords = {(Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- )), (Ecology, (General Biology--Information, Documentation, Retrieval and Computer Applications), (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods), Book Chapter, California, Computer Simulation, Ecology, Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology), Environmental Biology--Plant), Fire History, Mathematical Model, Meeting Paper, Plantae-Unspecified, Plants, Usa, vegetation},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Michaelsen, J.},
	editor = {Moreno, J. M. and Oechel, W. C.}
}
@inbook {380,
	title = {Sensitivity of fire regime in chaparral ecosystems to global climate change},
	booktitle = {Global Change and Mediterranean-type Ecosystems},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {435-456},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Michaelsen, J. C.},
	editor = {Oechel, W. C. and Moreno, J. M.}
}
@inbook {639,
	title = {Sensitivity of fire regime in chaparral ecosystems to global climate change},
	booktitle = {Global Change and Mediterranean-type Ecosystems},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {435-456},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Michaelsen, J. C.},
	editor = {Oechel, W. C. and Moreno, J. M.}
}
@article {628,
	title = {Vegetation Change in Blue Oak and Blue Oak/Foothill Pine Woodland},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {34},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	url = {"http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/doc_home?elib_id=1458"},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Brown, R. W.}
}
@booklet {369,
	title = {Vegetation Change in Blue Oak and Blue Oak/Foothill Pine Woodland},
	year = {1995},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final report prepared for the California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Brown, R. W.}
}
@article {822,
	title = {Applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems in vegetation science: Introduction},
	journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {610-613},
	author = {Walsh, S. J. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {647,
	title = {Distribution and conservation status of coastal sage scrub in southwestern California},
	journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {743-756},
	abstract = {A landscape-based characterization of vegetation has been developed for southwestern California using satellite imagery, air photos, existing vegetation maps, and field data. Distribution maps of nine dominant coastal scrub species and 13 species assemblages that were identified by divisive information analysis have been analyzed to quantify spatial patterns of species co-occurrence. Three general distribution patterns are identified that suggest the Diegan, Venturan and Riversidian Associations identified by other workers. Vegetation data have also been related to land ownership and management to assess the conservation status of upland plant communities. A large proportion of the mapped distribution of species and vegetation types is on private land, and several taxa show less than 4\% of mapped distribution in nature reserves. The analysis highlights the need to extend current conservation planning efforts into the northern part of the region to encompass areas where Salvia leucophylla is a frequent community dominant.},
	keywords = {gap analysis, information analyis, vegetation classification},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PX87300011},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stine, P. A. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@article {828,
	title = {The effects of changes in loblolly pine biomass and soil moisture on ERS-1 SAR backscatter},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1994},
	note = {JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH ARTICLE},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {25-31},
	keywords = {(Aerospace and Underwater Biological Effects--General, (Biochemistry--Physiological Water Studies (1970- )), (Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- )), (Ecology, (Forestry and Forest Products), (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods), (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Growth, Differentiation), (Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics--Water Relations), (Soil Science--Fertility and Applied Studies (1970- )), (Soil Science--Physics and Chemistry (1970- )), Coniferopsida, Environmental Biology--Plant), European Remote Sensing Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar, Gymnosperms, Mathematical Model, Methods), North Carolina, Plants, Research Article, Spermatophytes, Usa, Vascular plants},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Kasischke, E. S. and Melack, J. M. and Davis, F. W. and Christensen, N. L., Jr.}
}
@article {419,
	title = {Estimating grassland biomass and Leaf Area Index using ground and satellite data},
	journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
	volume = {15},
	number = {7},
	year = {1994},
	note = {English Article Current Contents/Physical, Chemical \& Earth Sciences. Reprint available from: Friedl MA BOSTON UNIV CTR REMOTE SENSING 675 COMMONWEALTH AVE BOSTON, MA 02215 USA UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA CTR REMOTE SENSING \& ENVIRONM OPT SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES BOULDER, CO 80307 USA 0004},
	pages = {1401-1420},
	abstract = {We compared estimates of regional biomass and LAI for a tallgrass prairie site derived from ground data versus estimates derived from satellite data. Linear regression models were estimated to predict LAI and biomass from Landsat-TM data for imagery acquired on three dates spanning the growing season of 1987 using co-registered TM data and ground measurements of LAI and biomass collected at 27 grassland sites. Mapped terrain variables including burning treatment, land-use, and topographic position were included as indicator variables in the models to acccount for variance in biomass and LAI not captured in the TM data. Our results show important differences in the relationships between Kauth-Thomas greenness (from TM), LAI, biomass and the various terrain variables. In general, site-wide estimates of biomass and LAI derived from ground versus satellite-based data were comparable. However, substantial differences were observed in June. In a number of cases, the regression models exhibited significantly higher explained variance due to the incorporation of terrain variables, suggesting that for areas encompassing heterogeneous land-cover the inclusion of categorical terrain data in calibration procedures is a useful technique. [References: 46] 46},
	keywords = {675 COMMONWEALTH AVE, BOSTON, CTR REMOTE SENSING, MA 02215., Remotely sensed data. Tallgrass prairie. Canopy reflectance. Noaa-avhrr. Vegetation. Photosynthesis. Transpiration. Images. Fife. Earth sciences. Reprint available from: Friedl MA. BOSTON UNIV},
	author = {Friedl, M. A. and Michaelsen, J. and Davis, F. W. and Walker, H. and Schimel, D. S.}
}
@inbook {445,
	title = {Hierarchical representation of species distributions using maps, images, and sighting data},
	booktitle = {Mapping the Diversity of Nature},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {71-88},
	publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
	organization = {Chapman and Hall},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Geographic Information Systems technology permits the generation of complex representations of species distributions, while most of the data underlying these patterns are coarse. This suggests the importance of structuring such data along axes of differing data extent, tiling schemes, themes, and time, and displaying different representations of distributions, the philosophy being that comparison of multiple representations provides a sense of the actual distribution through convergence of evidence. We present an example using a lizard, the orange-throated whiptail (Cnemidophorus hyperythrus), which is native to southern California. The analysis was hierarchically structured by first mapping overall lizard range limits, then suitable habitats within the range, and then habitats over a local extent. Data sources include a generalized range outline, museum records, and field observations, as well as climate data, vegetation maps, and satellite imagery to serve as associated environmental variables. Comparison of representations resulting from these different data sources makes biases evident, highlights areas of inadequate sampling, and can lead to new inferences about habitat relationships. Finally, we discuss forthcoming improvements in the technology that will facilitate creation and display of families of models.},
	keywords = {data hypercube, orange-throated whiptail},
	author = {Hollander, A. D. and Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.},
	editor = {Miller, R. I.}
}
@inbook {702,
	title = {Hierarchical representation of species distributions using maps, images, and sighting data},
	booktitle = {Mapping the Diversity of Nature},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {71-88},
	publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
	organization = {Chapman and Hall},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Geographic Information Systems technology permits the generation of complex representations of species distributions, while most of the data underlying these patterns are coarse. This suggests the importance of structuring such data along axes of differing data extent, tiling schemes, themes, and time, and displaying different representations of distributions, the philosophy being that comparison of multiple representations provides a sense of the actual distribution through convergence of evidence. We present an example using a lizard, the orange-throated whiptail (Cnemidophorus hyperythrus), which is native to southern California. The analysis was hierarchically structured by first mapping overall lizard range limits, then suitable habitats within the range, and then habitats over a local extent. Data sources include a generalized range outline, museum records, and field observations, as well as climate data, vegetation maps, and satellite imagery to serve as associated environmental variables. Comparison of representations resulting from these different data sources makes biases evident, highlights areas of inadequate sampling, and can lead to new inferences about habitat relationships. Finally, we discuss forthcoming improvements in the technology that will facilitate creation and display of families of models.},
	keywords = {data hypercube, orange-throated whiptail},
	author = {Hollander, A. D. and Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.},
	editor = {Miller, R. I.}
}
@inbook {361,
	title = {Mapping and monitoring terrestrial biodiversity using geographic information systems},
	booktitle = {Biodiversity and Terrestrial Ecosystems},
	volume = {Monograph Series No. 14},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {461-471},
	publisher = {Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica},
	organization = {Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica},
	address = {Taipei},
	abstract = {Location in space and time are attributes of nearly all biodiversity data. Obvious examples include species{\textquoteright} collection localities, range maps and habitat maps. Geographic Information Systems for managing and analyzing spatial data are rapidly becoming an integral tool for scientists, resource managers and policy makers concerned with biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. Database capabilities of GIS have extended the traditional map to a much more flexible and powerful representation of spatial information by allowing potentially large amounts of non-graphical information to be attached to each map unit. Biologists have yet to fully exploit this aspect of GIS in classification and mapping of biodiversity patterns. Some advantages of the GIS model over traditional maps are illustrated with a vegetation mapping project in southern California. In recent years GIS has been applied to a wide range of biodiversity issues, for example, modeling species distributions, Gap Analysis, population viability analysis, modeling ecosystem disturbance processes, and projecting the ecological impacts of global climate change. Specimen data can be of much greater use in conservation planning when coupled to predictive habitat relationship models and accurate habitat maps. The use of GIS to assemble multiple lines of evidence in modeling species{\textquoteright} distribution is illustrated for Cnemidophorus hyperythrus, an endangered lizard of coastal southern California. Lastly, an example is provided of the application of GIS modeling of habitat suitability and connectivity to conservation planning in southern California.},
	keywords = {biodiversity, connectivity, evidence, GIS, southern California, whiptail},
	author = {Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Chou, C. I. Peng and C. H.}
}
@inbook {620,
	title = {Mapping and monitoring terrestrial biodiversity using geographic information systems},
	booktitle = {Biodiversity and Terrestrial Ecosystems},
	volume = {Monograph Series No. 14},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {461-471},
	publisher = {Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica},
	organization = {Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica},
	address = {Taipei},
	abstract = {Location in space and time are attributes of nearly all biodiversity data. Obvious examples include species{\textquoteright} collection localities, range maps and habitat maps. Geographic Information Systems for managing and analyzing spatial data are rapidly becoming an integral tool for scientists, resource managers and policy makers concerned with biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. Database capabilities of GIS have extended the traditional map to a much more flexible and powerful representation of spatial information by allowing potentially large amounts of non-graphical information to be attached to each map unit. Biologists have yet to fully exploit this aspect of GIS in classification and mapping of biodiversity patterns. Some advantages of the GIS model over traditional maps are illustrated with a vegetation mapping project in southern California. In recent years GIS has been applied to a wide range of biodiversity issues, for example, modeling species distributions, Gap Analysis, population viability analysis, modeling ecosystem disturbance processes, and projecting the ecological impacts of global climate change. Specimen data can be of much greater use in conservation planning when coupled to predictive habitat relationship models and accurate habitat maps. The use of GIS to assemble multiple lines of evidence in modeling species{\textquoteright} distribution is illustrated for Cnemidophorus hyperythrus, an endangered lizard of coastal southern California. Lastly, an example is provided of the application of GIS modeling of habitat suitability and connectivity to conservation planning in southern California.},
	keywords = {GIS, biodiversity, evidence, whiptail, connectivity, southern California},
	author = {Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Chou, C. I. Peng and C. H.}
}
@booklet {534,
	title = {Pilot Studies for Southern California: Synoptic National Assessment of Comparative Risks to Biological Diversity and Landscape Types},
	year = {1994},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final Report to the Environmental Protection Agency},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {778,
	title = {Pilot Studies for Southern California: Synoptic National Assessment of Comparative Risks to Biological Diversity and Landscape Types},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	address = {Santa Barbara},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {722,
	title = {Regression tree analysis of satellite and terrain data to guide vegetation sampling and surveys},
	journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1994},
	note = {JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH ARTICLE},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {673-686},
	abstract = {Monitoring of regional vegetation and surface biophysical properties is tightly constrained by both the quantity and quality of ground data. Stratified sampling is often used to increase sampling efficiency, but its effectiveness hinges on appropriate classification of the land surface. A good classification must he sufficiently detailed to include the important sources of spatial variability, but at the same time it should be as parsimonious as possible to conserve scarce and expensive degrees of freedom in ground data. As part of the First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Program) Field Experiment (FIFE), we used Regression Tree Analysis to derive an ecological classification of a tail grass prairie landscape. The classification is derived from digital terrain, land use, and land cover data and is based on their association with spectral vegetation indices calculated from single-date and multi-temporal satellite imagery. The regression tree analysis produced a site stratification that is similar to the a priori scheme actually used in FIFE, but is simpler and considerably more effective in reducing sample variance in surface measurements of variables such as biomass, soil moisture and Bowen Ratio. More generally, regression tree analysis is a useful technique for identifying and estimating complex hierarchical relationships in multivariate data sets.},
	keywords = {(Aerospace and Underwater Biological Effects--General, (Ecology, (General Biology--Institutions, Administration and Legislation), (Methods, Materials and Apparatus, General--Field Methods), (Methods, Materials and Apparatus, General--Photography), Angiosperms, Biophysical Properties, Ecological Classification, Environmental Biology--Bioclimatology and Biometeorology), Environmental Biology--Plant), Gramineae, International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Program, Methods), monitoring, Monocots, Plants, Research Article, Satellite Imagery, Spermatophytes, Tall Grass Prairie Landscape, Vascular plants},
	author = {Michaelsen, J. and Schimel, D. S. and Friedl, M. A. and Davis, F. W. and Dubayah, R. C.}
}
@article {417,
	title = {Sources of variation in radiometric surface temperature over a tallgrass prairie},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {1994},
	note = {JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH ARTICLE},
	pages = {1-17},
	abstract = {Numerous studies have noted a strong negative correlation between radiometric surface temperature and spectral vegetation indices such as the NDVI, and have suggested that this relationship might be exploited in strategies to model land surface energy balance from satellites. These studies have been largely empirical in nature and the relationships among remotely sensed data, land surface properties, and land surface energy balance that produce this phenomenon remain unclear. We studied the relationship between radiometric surface temperature and NDVI over a tallgrass prairie in northeastern Kansas. The study site included a mix of landcovers, with fractional vegetation cover and exposed soil backgrounds over much of the site. We observed a persistent negative correlation between radiometric surface temperature and NDVI, but found that the relationship was highly date- and time-specific. In this context, the relationship between surface temperature and NDVI was observed to depend on landcover type, and a significant proportion of the total variance in both NDVI and radiometric surface temperature was explained by stratifying the data by landcover class. More importantly, our results show the relationship between surface temperature and NDVI to have little association with surface energy balance for data sets acquired from aircraft and helicopters on several dates during the growing seasons of 1987 and 1989. Based on results from a simulation model of the soil-canopy-sensor system, we hypothesize the observed covariance between radiometric surface temperature and NDVI to be largely caused by temperature differences between the soil background and vegetation canopy and by variation in fractional vegetation cover. This hypothesis is supported by evidence showing soil moisture to be an important secondary control on radiometric surface temperature due to its effect on soil thermal inertia, rather than as a limiting control on latent heat flux, as might be expected. These findings indicate that invertible surface energy balance models must account for the effects of landcover, soil background temperatures, and soil moisture before thermal infrared imagery can be effectively used to estimate land surface fluxes.},
	keywords = {Biochemistry and Biophysics{\textendash}Temperature) (Agronomy{\textendash}Forage Crops and Fodder) (Soil Science{\textendash}Physics and Chemistry (1970- )) Plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Angiosperms Monocots Research Article Vegetation Index Soil Energy Balance Mathematical, Effects and Regulation{\textendash}General Measurement and Methods) (Plant Physiology, Plantae-Unspecified Gramineae (Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods) (Ecology Environmental Biology{\textendash}Plant) (Biophysics{\textendash}Biocybernetics (1972- )) (Metabolism{\textendash}Energy and Respiratory Metabolism) (Temperature: Its Measurement},
	author = {Friedl, M. A. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {372,
	title = {Spatial stimulation of fire regime in Mediterranean-climate landscapes},
	booktitle = {Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 107. The role of fire in Mediterranean-type ecosystems},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {117-139},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	address = {New York, New York, USA; Berlin, Germany},
	keywords = {Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems Fire Effects Fire Type Fire Intensity Fire Return Interval Spatial Simulation Climate Chaparral Geographic Information System Computer Models and Simulations},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Burrows, D. A.},
	editor = {Moreno, J. M. and Oechel, W. C.}
}
@inbook {631,
	title = {Spatial stimulation of fire regime in Mediterranean-climate landscapes},
	booktitle = {Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 107. The role of fire in Mediterranean-type ecosystems},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {117-139},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
	address = {New York, New York, USA; Berlin, Germany},
	keywords = {Chaparral, Climate, Computer Models and Simulations, Fire Effects, Fire Intensity, Fire Return Interval, Fire Type, geographic information system, Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, Spatial Simulation},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Burrows, D. A.},
	editor = {Moreno, J. M. and Oechel, W. C.}
}
@article {782,
	title = {Geographic analysis of California condor sighting data},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {148-159},
	abstract = {Observation and habitat data were compiled and analyzed in conjunction with recovery planning for the endangered California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus). A geographic information system (GIS) was used to provide a quantitative inventory of recent historical Condor habitats, to measure the association of Condor activity patterns and mapped habitat variables, and to examine spatio-temporal changes in the range of the species during its decline. Only five percent of the study area within the historic range is now used for urban or cultivated agricultural purposes. Observations of Condor feeding perching, and nesting were nonrandomly associated with mapped land cover, in agreement with life history information for the species. The precipitous decline in numbers of Condors in this century produced only a small reduction in the limits of the observed species {\textquoteright}range, as individual birds continued to forage over most of the range. Some critical risk factors such as shooting and lead poisoning are difficult to map and bave not been included in the database Besides the applications demonstrated in this case study, GIS can be a valuable tool for recovery planning, in the design of stratified sampling schemes, or for extrapolation of habitat models over unsurveyed regions. We conclude with recommendations from this case study regarding when to consider using GIS and the importance of pilot studies and sensitivity analysis.},
	keywords = {habitat suitability, sensitivity analysis},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993KR98600021},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Cogan, C. B. and Painho, M. O. and Duncan, B. W. and Scepan, J. and Scott, J. M.}
}
@inbook {619,
	title = {Introduction to spatial statistics},
	booktitle = {Patch Dynamics},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {16-26},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {S. Levin, T. Powell and J. Steele}
}
@inbook {360,
	title = {Introduction to spatial statistics},
	booktitle = {Patch Dynamics},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {16-26},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {S. Levin, T. Powell and Steele, J.}
}
@article {662,
	title = {Investigations into the use of airborne multispectral images for estimating conifer mortality in Sierran montane forests},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {48},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Walker, R. E.}
}
@booklet {403,
	title = {Investigations into the use of airborne multispectral images for estimating conifer mortality in Sierran montane forests},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final report prepared for the Sequoia Natural History Association and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Walker, R. E.}
}
@inbook {630,
	title = {Modeling fire regime in mediterranean landscapes},
	booktitle = {Patch Dynamics},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Biomathematics},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {247- 259},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Burrows, D. A.},
	editor = {Levin, S. and Powell, T. and Steele, J.}
}
@inbook {371,
	title = {Modeling fire regime in mediterranean landscapes},
	booktitle = {Patch Dynamics},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Biomathematics},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {247- 259},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Burrows, D. A.},
	editor = {Levin, S. and Powell, T. and Steele, J.}
}
@article {827,
	title = {Modeling L-Band Radar Backscatter of Alaskan Boreal Forest},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience \& Remote Sensing},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1993},
	note = {English Article Current Contents/Engineering, Technology \& Applied Sciences. Reprint available from: Wang Y UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA CTR REMOTE SENSING \& ENVIRONM OPT SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA DEPT GEOG SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA DEPT BIOL SCI SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA 0003},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {1146-1154},
	abstract = {Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data were acquired over Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest (Alaska) in March 1988 under thawed and frozen conditions. For five stands analyzed, L-band backscatter at 42-degrees-45-degrees incidence angle was 2.7-6.9 dB smaller under frozen than under thawed conditions for white spruce and balsam poplar, with the largest difference at HV and the smallest at HH polarization. The differences were smaller for a stand of small black spruce. The VV-HH phase differences observed by SAR were almost-equal-to 0-degrees for all the stands. Ground data were used to parameterize the Santa Barbara canopy backscatter model. For the white spruce and balsam poplar stands under thawed conditions, simulations agreed with the SAR data within the calibration uncertainty. The model underestimated the HH, HV, and VV backscatter for all five stands under frozen conditions, and for the black spruce stand under thawed conditions. The modeled VV-HH phase differences were close to 0-degrees for all the stands except the black spruce stand. The discrepancies in model predictions of backscatter and phase difference were attributed to inadequate surface backscatter modeling. Model results supported the hypothesis that the weaker backscatter from frozen, as compared with thawed stands, was because of the smaller dielectric constant of the frozen trees. [References: 15] 15},
	keywords = {Electrical \& electronic., Reprint available from: Wang Y. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, CTR REMOTE, SENSING \& ENVIRONM OPT, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106, USA., Vegetation. Layer.},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Day, J. L. and Davis, F. W. and Melack, J. M.}
}
@booklet {456,
	title = {Research Plan for Pilot Studies of the Biodiversity Research Consortium},
	year = {1993},
	month = {June 3, 1993},
	publisher = {U. S. Environmental Protection Agency},
	type = {Research Plan},
	author = {Kiester, A. R. and White, D. and Preston, E. M. and Master, L. L. and Loveland, T. R. and Bradford, D. F. and Csuti, B. A. and O{\textquoteright}Connor, R. J. and Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@article {824,
	title = {Simulated and Observed Backscatter at P-, L-, and C-Bands from Ponderosa Pine Stands},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience \& Remote Sensing},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1993},
	note = {English Article Current Contents/Engineering, Technology \& Applied Sciences. Reprint available from: Wang Y UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA CTR REMOTE SENSING \& ENVIRONM OPT SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA 0015},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {871-879},
	abstract = {We compared the output of the Santa Barbara microwave canopy backscatter model to polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for three ponderosa pine stands (ST-2, ST-11, and SP-2) with discontinuous tree canopies near Mt. Shasta, California, at P-band (0.68-m wavelength), L-band (0.235-m wavelength), and C-band (0.056-m wavelength). Given the SAR data calibration uncertainty, the model made good predictions of the P-HH, P-VV, L-HH, C-HH, and C-HV backscatter for the three stands, and the P-HV and L-HV backscatter for ST-2 and SP-2. The model underestimated C-VV for the three stands, and P-HV, L-HV, and L-VV backscatter for ST-11. The observed and modeled VV-HH phase differences were similar or equal to 0 degrees for the three stands at C-band and L-band, and for SP-2 at P-band. At P-band, the observed and modeled VV-HH phase differences were at least -80 degrees for ST-2 and ST-11, which indicates that double-bounce scattering contributes to the total backscatter for the two stands. [References: 10] 10},
	keywords = {Electrical \& electronic., Radar. Scattering. Model., Reprint available from: Wang Y. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, CTR REMOTE, SENSING \& ENVIRONM OPT, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106, USA.},
	author = {Wang, Y. and Davis, F. W. and Melack, J. M.}
}
@inbook {500,
	title = {Spatial information for extrapolation of canopy processes: examples from FIFE},
	booktitle = {Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {21-38},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Schimel, D. S. and Davis, F. W. and Kittel, G. T.},
	editor = {Ehleringer, J. R. and Fields, C. B.}
}
@inbook {746,
	title = {Spatial information for extrapolation of canopy processes: examples from FIFE},
	booktitle = {Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {21-38},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	organization = {Academic Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Schimel, D. S. and Davis, F. W. and Kittel, G. T.},
	editor = {Ehleringer, J. R. and Fields, C. B.}
}
@article {342,
	title = {Vegetation dynamics, fire, and the physical environment in coastal Central California},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {74},
	number = {5},
	year = {1993},
	note = {JOURNAL ARTICLE},
	pages = {1567-1578},
	abstract = {Current concepts of vegetation dynamics include that of the shifting landscape mosaic, but evidence for shifting mosaics in disturbed and undisturbed systems is primarily based on negative spatial relationships among adults and recruits, and not on measurements of actual shifts over time. We used aerial photographs to measure transition rates as evidence for mosaic shifts among grassland, coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and oak woodland communities in central coastal California between 1947 and 1989. In unburned plots without livestock, transition from grassland to coastal sage scrub was 0.69\% per year, coastal sage scrub to oak woodland was 0.30\% per year, and oak woodland to grassland was 0.08\% per year. These transition rates, considered together, indicate that vegetation patterns may be dynamic on landscapes dominated by these communities. In burned plots without livestock, and in unburned plots where livestock were not excluded, transition rates were lowers, except for the conversion of oak woodland to grassland. In burned plots, a high rate of transition of coastal sage scrub to grassland was measured. Markov chain models predicted much less directional change in community proportions in either grazed or burned conditions than in ungrazed, unburned conditions. Some transition rates varied with substrate and topographical position, indicating that fire, grazing, and the physical environment interacted to determine direction and rate of vegetation change. Variation in transition on different substrates suggests that only portions of the vegetation of these landscapes may be dynamic, with some patches in certain combinations of environment and disturbance that change rapidly, and other patches that remain static as edaphic or topographic climax communities.},
	keywords = {Gramineae Compositae Fagaceae (Ecology Environmental Biology{\textendash}Plant) Plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Angiosperms Monocots Dicots Grassland Coastal Sage Scrub Chaparral Oak Woodland Community Grazing Climax Community Landscape Ecology Markov chain m},
	author = {Callaway, R. M. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@conference {787,
	title = {Beyond the traditional vegetation map towards a biodiversity database},
	booktitle = {Gis/lis{\textquoteright}92},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {718-726},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	address = {San Jose},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Stine, P. A. and Borchert, M.}
}
@article {385,
	title = {Covariance of biophysical data with digital topographic and land use maps over the FIFE site},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
	volume = {97},
	number = {ND17},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {19009-19021},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Schimel, D. S. and Friedl, M. A. and Michaelsen, J. C. and Kittel, T. G. F. and Dubayah, R. and Dozier, J.}
}
@conference {820,
	title = {Modeling vegetation cover types from a topographic gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada},
	booktitle = {Gis/lis{\textquoteright}92},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {794-803},
	publisher = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	organization = {American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing},
	address = {San Jose},
	author = {Walker, R. E. and Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Wagtendonk, J. van}
}
@article {781,
	title = {Sensitivity of wildlife habitat models to uncertainties in GIS data},
	journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {843-850},
	abstract = {Decision makers need to know the reliability of output products from GIS analysis. For many GIS applications, it is not possible to compare these products to an independent measure of "truth." Sensitivity analysis offers an alternative means of estimating reliability. In this paper, we present a GIS-based statistical procedure for estimating the sensitivity of wildlife habitat models to uncertainties in input data and model assumptions. The approach is demonstrated in an analysis of habitat associations derived from a GIS database for the endangered California condor. Alternative data sets were generated to compare results over a reasonable range of assumptions about several sources of uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis indicated that condor habitat associations are relatively robust, and the results have increased our confidence in our initial findings. Uncertainties and methods described in the paper have general relevance for many GIS applications.},
	keywords = {habitat suitability, sensitivity analysis},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992HX38700006},
	author = {Stoms, D. M. and Davis, F. W. and Cogan, C. B.}
}
@article {672,
	title = {Biotic Inventory and Ecosystem Characterization for Fish Slough, Inyo and Mono Counties, California},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	institution = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	author = {Ferren, W. R. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@booklet {412,
	title = {Biotic Inventory and Ecosystem Characterization for Fish Slough, Inyo and Mono Counties, California},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
	type = {Final report prepared for the California Dept. of Fish and Game},
	author = {Ferren, W. R. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {641,
	title = {Environmental analysis using integrated GIS and remotely sensed data: Some research needs and priorities},
	journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {689-697},
	keywords = {scale, scale-dependence, multiscale sampling, global change, minimum mapping unit, sensitivity analysis},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Quattrochi, D. E. and Ridd, M. K. and Lam, N. S. N. and Walsh, S. J. and Michaelsen, J. C. and Franklin, J. and Stow, D. A. and Johannsen, C. J. and Johnston, C. A.}
}
@inbook {501,
	title = {Gap analysis: an application of Geographic Information Systems for wildlife species},
	booktitle = {Challenges in the Conservation of Biological Resources: A Practitioner{\textquoteright}s Guide},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {167-180},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, Colorado},
	author = {Scott, J. M. and Csuti, B. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Decker, D. J. and Krasny, M. E. and Goff, G. R. and Smith, C. R. and Gross, D. W.}
}
@inbook {747,
	title = {Gap analysis: an application of Geographic Information Systems for wildlife species},
	booktitle = {Challenges in the Conservation of Biological Resources: A Practitioner{\textquoteright}s Guide},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {167-180},
	publisher = {Westview Press},
	organization = {Westview Press},
	address = {Boulder, Colorado},
	author = {Scott, J. M. and Csuti, B. and Davis, F. W.},
	editor = {Decker, D. J. and Krasny, M. E. and Goff, G. R. and Smith, C. R. and Gross, D. W.}
}
@conference {649,
	title = {Gap analysis of biodiversity in California},
	booktitle = {Symposium on Biodiversity of Northwestern California},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {23-29},
	publisher = {University of California Wildland Resources Center},
	organization = {University of California Wildland Resources Center},
	address = {Santa Rosa, California},
	abstract = {Most conservation efforts in California are conducted at local to sub-regional scales, and focus on species or communities of special concern. Currently lacking is an overview of the protection status of species and communities both statewide and in the western U.S. This paper describes a GIS-based Gap Analysis of biodiversity that is part of a national program being coordinated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Gap Analysis" is the evaluation of the protection status of plant communities and vertebrate species by GIS overlay of biological distribution data on a map of biological reserves. The biodiversity assessment for California is using existing digital geographical data sets on land ownership, topography, species ranges and locations of threatened and endangered species. An up-to-date statewide vegetation map is being produced using digital Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite data. The vegetation map is used in conjunction with the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (WHR) System and digital species range maps to predict potential distributions of native terrestrial vertebrates. Research to date has concentrated on the south coastal region, and has been involved in compiling existing data sets, refining mapping methods and testing the sensitivity of the biodiversity assessment to map scale and minimum mapping unit. A hybrid method of digital image classification and manual image interpretation has been developed that appears promising. Test areas exhibit very different scales of vegetation pattern and different sensitivity to data resolution, implying the need for different minimum mapping units for different physiographic regions of the state.},
	keywords = {geographic information system, Wildlife-Habitat Relationships System, vegetation mapping},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@inbook {646,
	title = {GIS and remote sensing},
	booktitle = {Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {191-213},
	publisher = {Longman Scientific \& Technical},
	organization = {Longman Scientific \& Technical},
	address = {London},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Simonett, D. S.},
	editor = {Maguire, D. J. and Goodchild, M. F. and Rhind, D. W.}
}
@inbook {387,
	title = {GIS and remote sensing},
	booktitle = {Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {191-213},
	publisher = {Longman Scientific \& Technical},
	organization = {Longman Scientific \& Technical},
	address = {London},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Simonett, D. S.},
	editor = {Maguire, D. J. and Goodchild, M. F. and Rhind, D. W.}
}
@booklet {340,
	title = {Historical mortality of Valley Oak (Quercus lobata, Nee) in the Santa Ynez Valley, Santa Barbara, County, 1938-1989},
	number = {PSW-126},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {USDA Forest Service},
	type = {General Technical Report},
	author = {Brown, R. W. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@inbook {749,
	title = {An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity},
	booktitle = {GIS Applications in Natural Resources},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {283-293},
	publisher = {GIS World, Inc.},
	organization = {GIS World, Inc.},
	address = {Ft. Collins, Colorado},
	author = {Scott, J. M. and Estes, J. E. and Scepan, J. and Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.},
	editor = {Heit, M. and Shortreid, A.}
}
@inbook {503,
	title = {An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity},
	booktitle = {GIS Applications in Natural Resources},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {283-293},
	publisher = {GIS World, Inc.},
	organization = {GIS World, Inc.},
	address = {Ft. Collins, Colorado},
	author = {Scott, J. M. and Estes, J. E. and Scepan, J. and Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M.},
	editor = {Heit, M. and Shortreid, A.}
}
@article {415,
	title = {Thematic mapper analysis of tree cover in semiarid woodlands using a model of canopy shadowing},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	volume = {36},
	number = {3},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {189-202},
	author = {Franklin, J. and Davis, F. W. and LeFebvre, P.}
}
@article {688,
	title = {The Use of Vegetation Maps and Geographic Information Systems for Assessing Conifer Lands in California},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {75},
	institution = {NCGIA},
	address = {Santa Barbara},
	isbn = {91-23},
	url = {"http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/doc_home?elib_id=1732"},
	author = {Goodchild, M. F. and Davis, F. W. and Painho, M. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@booklet {430,
	title = {The Use of Vegetation Maps and Geographic Information Systems for Assessing Conifer Lands in California},
	number = {91-23},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {NCGIA},
	type = {Technical Report},
	author = {Goodchild, M. F. and Davis, F. W. and Painho, M. and Stoms, D. M.}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Information analysis of a spatial database for ecological land classification},
	journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering \& Remote Sensing},
	volume = {56},
	number = {5},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {605-613},
	keywords = {Burton Mesa, California, DEM data, entropy, GIS, map errors, mutual information analysis, TMS, vegetation pattern},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Dozier, J.}
}
@article {397,
	title = {An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Systems},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {55-78},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Stoms, D. M. and Estes, J. E. and Scepan, J. and Scott, J. M.}
}
@article {376,
	title = {Modeling vegetation pattern using digital terrain data},
	journal = {Landscape Ecology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {69-80},
	keywords = {California, coast live oak forest, DEM, geology, GIS, Lompoc, remote sensing, solar radiation},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Goetz, S.}
}
@article {409,
	title = {Topographic distribution of clear-sky radiation over the Konza Prairie, Kansas},
	journal = {Water Resources Research},
	volume = {26},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {679-690},
	author = {Dubayah, R. and Dozier, J. and Davis, F. W.}
}
@article {368,
	title = {Establishment of miscroscale vegetation pattern in maritime chaparral after fire},
	journal = {Vegetatio},
	volume = {84},
	number = {1},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {53-67},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Borchert, M. I. and Odion, D. C.}
}
@article {337,
	title = {Interactions of factors affecting seedling recruitment of Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in California},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	note = {this paper is the origin of the northness index as an estimate of relative solar insolation derived from slope and aspect (azimuth from north)},
	pages = {389-404},
	keywords = {acorn blue oak cattle exclosures gophers interaction mice predation seedling woodland classification and regression tree (CART) hierarchical cluster analysis stepwise logistic regression American Canyon Agua Escondido San Luis Obispo County northness inde},
	author = {Borchert, M. I. and Davis, F. W. and Michaelsen, J. and Oyler, L. D.}
}
@article {377,
	title = {Composition of maritime chaparral related to fire history and soil, Burton Mesa, Santa Barbara County, California},
	journal = {Madro{\~n}o},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {169-195},
	author = {Davis, F. W. and Hickson, D. E. and Odion, D. C.}
}
