@article {488,
	title = {Functional richness and ecosystem services: bird predation on arthropods in tropical agroecosystems},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {19},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1858-1867},
	abstract = {In agroecosystems, biodiversity correlates with ecosystem function, yet mechanisms driving these relationships are often unknown. Examining traits and functional classifications of organisms providing ecosystem functions may provide insight into the mechanisms. Birds are important predators of insects, including pests. However, biological simplification of agroforests may decrease provisioning of this pest removal service by reducing bird taxonomic and functional diversity. A recent meta-analysis of bird exclosure studies from a range of agroecosystems in Central America concluded that higher bird richness is associated with significantly greater arthropod removal, yet the mechanism remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of the same data to examine whether birds demonstrate functional complementarity in tropical agroforests. We classified birds according to relevant traits (body mass, foraging strategy, foraging strata, and diet) and then examined how design of functional classification, including trait selection, classification methods, and the functional diversity metric used affect the suitability of different classifications as predictors of ecosystem services. We determined that vegetation characteristics are not likely drivers of arthropod removal by birds. For some functional classifications, functional richness positively correlated with arthropod removal, indicating that species complementarity may be an important mechanism behind this ecosystem function. The predictive ability of functional classifications increased with the number of traits included in the classification. For the two best classifications examined, functional group richness was a better predictor of arthropod reduction than other metrics of functional diversity (FD and Rao{\textquoteright}s Q). However, no functional classification predicted arthropod removal better than simple species richness; thus other factors may be important. Our analysis indicates that the sampling effect may also play a role, as one species and two functional groups were responsible for disproportionate effects of arthropod removal.},
	keywords = {agroforest biodiversity birds Central America ecosystem function exclosure experiment functional richness insects meta-analysis predation complementarity species trait},
	author = {Philpott, Stacy M. and Soong, Oliver and Lowenstein, Jacob H. and Pulido, Astric Luz and Lopez, Diego Tobar and Flynn, Dan F. B. and DeClerk, Fabrice}
}
@article {674,
	title = {Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {22-33},
	abstract = {Land use intensification can greatly reduce species richness and ecosystem functioning. However, species richness determines ecosystem functioning through the diversity and values of traits of species present. Here, we analyze changes in species richness and functional diversity (FD) at varying agricultural land use intensity levels. We test hypotheses of FD responses to land use intensification in plant, bird, and mammal communities using trait data compiled for 1600+ species. To isolate changes in FD from changes in species richness we compare the FD of communities to the null expectations of FD values. In over one-quarter of the bird and mammal communities impacted by agriculture, declines in FD were steeper than predicted by species number. In plant communities, changes in FD were indistinguishable from changes in species richness. Land use intensification can reduce the functional diversity of animal communities beyond changes in species richness alone, potentially imperiling provisioning of ecosystem services.},
	keywords = {ecosystem services, functional diversity},
	url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121460362/abstract},
	author = {Flynn, Dan F. B. and Gogol-Prokurat, Melanie and Nogeire, Theresa and Molinari, Nicole and Richers, B{\'a}rbara Trautman and Lin, Brenda B. and Simpson, Nicholas and Mayfield, Margaret M. and DeClerck, Fabrice}
}
