<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paris, J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, F. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inclusion of a simple multiple scattering model into a microwave canopy backscatter model</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Aerospace and Underwater Biological Effects--General</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Biophysics--Biocybernetics (1972- ))</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Radiation--Radiation and Isotope Techniques)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Biology--Plant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Stand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microwave Canopy Backscatter Model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models and Simulations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simple Multiple Scattering Model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-111</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple multiple scattering model has been incorporated into a microwave canopy backscatter model for forest stands with continuous or discontinuous tree canopies. The multiple scattering model was empirically derived using available calculated multiple scattering values and Monte Carlo simulation. All orders of scattering within canopies beyond single scattering were assumed to be isotropic. Multiple scattering was divided evenly among HH, HV, VH, and VV polarizations. The corresponding single scattering term was polarization-sensitive. The effect of the multiple scattering term on modeled canopy backscatter was less at long wavelengths than at short wavelengths. At a given wavelength, the multiple scattering term affected copolarized scattering less than cross-polarized scattering. These predictions were consistent with calibrated SAR observations and with our understanding of microwave scattering in forested environment. Including multiple scattering effects improved the agreement between modeled and measured canopy backscatter particularly for cross-polarized backscatter at short wavelengths.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH ARTICLE</style></notes></record></records></xml>